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5 75 Table 2: Overview of the results of biopsy, nephroureterectomy, OCT grade and OCT stage of the included patients. Patient Biopt stage Biopt grade Surgical Treatment Pa Nefroureterectomy OCT grade (µoct ± SD mm-1) OCT stage 1 NA NA RNU T3G3 2.93 ± 0.4 invasive 2 Ta low grade RNU TaG2 (low grade) 2.25 ± 0.3 non invasive 3 benign/ND benign/ND RNU TaG2 (low grade) 1.95 ± 0.5 non invasive 4 Ta high grade RNU CIS ND non invasive 5 NA NA RNU T3G3 3.66 ± 0.3 invasive 6 Tx/ND high grade RNU T3G3 3.79 ± 0.8 invasive 7 Tx/ND low grade RNU T1G2 (low grade) 2.38 ± 0.6 invasive 8 Ta low grade RNU TaG2 (low grade) 2.31 ± 0.5 ND 9 Ta low grade RNU TaG2 (low grade) + CIS 1.73 ± 0.4 non invasive 10 Ta high grade RNU T1G2 (high grade) + CIS 2.56 ± 0.3 ND 11 Ta low grade partial ureterectomy TaG2 (high grade) 3.17 ± 0.5 ND 12 Ta low grade RNU T2G3 + CIS 2.98 ± 0.9 invasive 13 Ta low grade RNU TaG2 (low grade) 1.97 ± 0.2 non invasive 14 Ta high grade RNU TaG3 2.95 ± 0.5 non invasive 15 benign/ND benign/ND RNU T1G3 4.58 ± 0.5 invasive 16 Tx/ND benign/ND partial ureterectomy T2G3 3.04 ± 0.3 invasive 17 >T1 high grade RNU T2G3 + CIS 2.11 ± 0.4 invasive 18 Ta low grade RNU TaG2 (low grade) 2.87 ± 0.6 non invasive 19 Tx/ND low grade RNU TaG3 3.12 ± 1.2 non invasive 20 Ta high grade partial ureterectomy T2G3 + CIS 3.52 ± 0.5 invasive 21 >T1 high grade RNU T4G3 2.12 ± 0.7 invasive 22 Ta high grade RNU CIS 3.67 ± 0.5 invasive 23 Tx/ND high grade RNU T2G3 2.83 ± 0.9 invasive 24 Ta low grade partial ureterectomy TaG2 (low grade) 0.73 ± 0.3 non invasive 25 Tx/ND low grade RNU TaG2 (low grade) 1.22 ± 0.4 non invasive 26 Tx/ND benign/ND RNU TaG2 (low grade) 2.30 ± 0.5 non invasive ND: non diagnostic NA: non available Biopsy Grading For tumour grading, four (15%) had non-diagnostic biopsy results (benign/ND) and three (13%) had the tumour upgraded on the final pathologic examination after nephroureterec- tomy (figure 3B). Statistical testing resulted in a sensitivity of 75% with a confidence interval of 43-95%, specificity of 100% (63-100%), PPV of 100% (66-100%), and NPV of 73% (39-94%) (Table 3) .