Els van Meijel

68 Chapter 4 | Results of a 2–4-year follow-up study Results Participants In total, we included 90 children in this follow-up study. We interviewed 75 parents and 80 children at T2, resulting in interview-based-data for 88 children. Of this latter group, 75 children completed the questionnaire and 73 also participated in the interview. The remaining two children completed the questionnaire but did not participate in the interview. In total, data on 90 children were available. The prevalence of PTSD and PTSS at T1 and T2 At T1, 3 months after the accident, PTSD was diagnosed with the ADIS interview in 17 of 147 children (11.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.3–17.7%). The scores of 23 of 144 children (16%; 95% CI 10.9–22.8%) were above the cut-off score of the self-report measure CRIES. Of these children, 13 also received a PTSD diagnosis and 10 did not. At T2, the follow-up assessment, 10 of 88 children (11.4%; 95% CI 6.3–19.7%) were diagnosed with PTSD. On the self-report measures, the scores of eight of 75 children (10.7%; 95% CI 5.5–19.7%) were above the cut-off score, indicating the presence of PTSD. Of these children, six also received a PTSD diagnosis and two did not. At T2, in seven children, PTSDwas related to the accident, and in three children it was related to a new event (sexual abuse, traumatic family circumstances and interpersonal violence, respectively). Moreover, two of these three children still suffered from substantial posttraumatic stress symptoms due to the accident. Figure 4.1 illustrates the course of participation of children with and without PTSD or PTSS from T1 up to and including T2. Factors associated with the occurrence of PTSD or PTSS at follow-up Permanent physical impairment At T2, children reported several types of permanent physical impairment as a consequence of the accident, such as chronic or frequent pain, disability of the back, a leg or a knee, walking with a limp, infertility, partial deafness, chronic fatigue, dysfunctioning of an eye and numbness of an arm, hand or fingers. In total, 27 of 88 children (31%; 95% CI 22–41%) reported permanent physical impairment; two of these