Els van Meijel

87 Parental posttraumatic stress | Chapter 5 Z = -.864, p = 0.39). There was a significant difference with regard to sex: fewer fathers than mothers completed follow-up (χ 2 = 0.03, p = 0.04). Parental PTSS at T1 and T2 At T1, 122 parents reported no PTSS (90.4%; 92 mothers and 30 fathers) and 13 parents (9.6%; 11 mothers and 2 fathers) reported PTSS. Of these 13 parents, 9 were lost for follow-up: 5 of them declined participation due to lack of time or no interest, and 4 could not be reached. The mean IES-R score of parents with PTSS was 45.2 (SD 15.5, min-max 25-68); for parents without PTSS this was 5.6 (SD 5.4, min-max 0-21). At T2, 65 parents reported no PTSS (94.2%; 54 mothers and 11 fathers) and 4 parents (5.8%; all mothers) reported PTSS. Of these 4 parents, 1 parent reported PTSS at T1 and 3 parents developed PTSS due to the accident between T1 and T2. The mean IES-R score of parents with PTSS was 34.3 (SD 10.6, min-max 24-49; for parents without PTSS this was 4.2 (SD 5.3, min-max 0-20). See also Figure 5.2 for an overview. We found a significant association between parental and child PTSS at T1 (Spearman’s ρ = 0.25, p < .001) but not at T2. Factors associated with parental PTSS The univariable and multivariable associations between the parental and child factors of interest and the severity of parental PTSS are presented in Table 5.1 (T1) and Table 5.2 (T2). In both the univariable and the multivariable model, parental acute stress and hospitalization of more than 1 day of the child were significantly associated with severity of parental posttraumatic stress at T1. Parental acute stress and permanent physical impairment of the child were associated with parental PTSS severity at T2 in both the univariable model and the multivariable model. Two of the parents reported new traumatic events between T1 and T2: a life- threatening illness of a child and being involved in a car accident as a passenger. None of the two parents reported PTSS at T2. Due to the small number of parents that experienced a new traumatic event, this factor could not be included in the regression analysis. Of the remaining parents, 25 (37.3%) reported one or more life events but no