140 Chapter 6 First of all, our research integrates and contributes to JD-R theory (Bakker & Demerouti, 2017) and proactive motivation theory (Parker et al., 2010) by exploring the hypothesized consequential processes of proactive vitality management for chronically ill employees. More specifically, we expand JD-R theory by investigating a recently proposed individual behavioral strategy aimed at mobilizing the resources individuals need to function effectively at work that may influence the model’s two main processes (cf. Bakker & Demerouti, 2017). Moreover, we focus on the distinct, work-related outcomes of the two processes over time, addressing the call for insights on the outcomes of proactive behavior (Parker et al., 2010). Secondly, we examine the potential protective role proactive vitality management may play with regard to health impairment, distinguishing it from maladaptive or even self-destructive behaviors that may cause health impairment to progress (Bakker & De Vries, 2021; Bakker et al., 2022). Studying proactive vitality management (i.e., individual, goal-directed, and selfstarting behavior) among individuals living with a chronic disease may bring insights from a new and different perspective that may complement top-down practices and research involving chronically ill employees. Finally, our research builds further on the suggestion of personal factors that exert a moderating influence on the proactive process incorporated in the framework developed by Parker and colleagues (2010). Aside from a few exceptions (e.g., Bakker et al., 2010; Li & Mao, 2014), the role of personal characteristics in the JD-R processes has not been studied extensively before. In this study, we consider the potential moderating role of self-insight in the proactive, selfregulatory attempts of chronically ill employees to promote their own occupational health and performance. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Self-regulation theory posits that individuals guide their own goal-directed activities and performance by setting their own standards and monitoring their progress towards these standards (Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). Research concerning chronic illness has suggested that such self-regulatory processes also play an important role in how a chronic disease influences health and work outcomes. Leventhal et al.’s (1998) selfregulatory model, for example, has been applied to a wide range of chronic health conditions. The model is used to describe and examine how patients’ emotional
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