150 Chapter 6 my job, I felt strong and vigorous,” and “Last month, I was enthusiastic about my job” (1 = totally disagree, 7 = totally agree). Cronbach’s alpha was .91 both at T1 and T2. Functional limitations were measured at T2 and T3 using eight items based on the Functional Capacity Questionnaire. This measurement instrument is developed by the Social Medical Affairs division of the Dutch Employee Insurance Agency (UWV) and is primarily used by occupational physicians in the Netherlands. Participants were asked to what extent they experienced functional limitations within different aspects of their work. Example items are: “Last month, I was able to concentrate on my work tasks during the workday,” “Last month, I was able to maintain a normal working pace at work,” and “Last month, I was able to handle any heavy loads during the workday” (1 = not limited at all, 5 = strongly limited). Cronbach’s alpha was .87 at T2 and .86 at T3. Because this measurement instrument is mostly used in practice, we wanted to further support its validity by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) over the eight items. The results of the CFA indicated a good fit to the data (CFI = .98, IFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .05). Moreover, all items had substantial standardized loadings on the latent construct, with coefficients ranging from .61 to .93 (all p’s < .001). Absenteeism was measured at T2 and T3 with the number of reported missed workdays (i.e., absence) due to illness during the last month (cf. Darr & Johns, 2008). Creative work performance was measured at T2 and T3 using five items developed by Zhou and George (2001). Participants indicated to what extent they agreed with statements such as “Last month, I came up with creative solutions to problems,” and “Last month, I came up with new and practical ideas to improve performance” (1 = totally disagree, 5 = totally agree). Cronbach’s alpha was .89 both at T2 and T3. Health complaints were measured with one item as a control variable at T2 and T3 because the particular variables and processes examined in the studymay be influenced when individuals experience fewer or more severe health complaints. Participants were asked to rate the severity of any health complaints they were experiencing on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS; 0 = not severe at all, 10 = extremely severe), a validated method frequently used in both research and clinical settings (e.g., Delgado et al., 2018; Price et al., 1994).
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