162 Chapter 6 levels of self-insight may strengthen the effectiveness of proactive vitality management. These findings are in line with proactive motivation theory, which explains how certain factors, such as emotional regulation, can have a moderating influence on the proactive process (Parker et al., 2010). Specifically, our results showed that proactive vitality management was particularly related to work and personal outcomes through exhaustion and work engagement for chronically ill employees with high (vs. low) selfinsight. These findings are consistent with previous research evidencing the facilitating role of self-insight in the link between proactive vitality management and creative performance (Op den Kamp et al., 2020). Similar to other key personal resources, such as emotional intelligence and optimism, self-insight may thus function as a higherorder personal resource that facilitates the mobilization of other resources (Bakker & De Vries, 2021). Indeed, while physical and mental energy are volatile personal resources, self-insight may thus function as a relatively more structural personal resource (Ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012) that may help employees to effectively manage their vitality. More specifically, self-insight refers to an understanding of one’s own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. For individuals dealing with a chronic illness it may be especially important to cultivate an intimate understanding of the self – knowing oneself better than others would – because of the varying individual and situational needs they may have due to their illness (Morrison et al., 2021). As such, it may be essential for them to be continuously aware of their current physical and psychological state and to monitor and evaluate what works best for them in order to effectively manage their vitality (Balkis & Duru, 2016; Wang et al., 2021; Zimmerman, 2000). Chronically ill employees with higher levels of self-insight may navigate this selfregulatory process more effectively, because self-insight may help them to assess their needs and preferences, and to recognize their strengths and weaknesses in the process. Practical Implications Our findings may have important implications, not in the least for chronically ill individuals who wish to take some control over their own occupational health and well-being. Practical recommendations would primarily center around awareness, education, and encouragement regarding proactive vitality management. Trainings on proactive vitality management may be adjusted to specifically suit individuals with a chronic health condition (cf. McGonagle et al., 2014). Proactive behavior is spurred by motivational drivers that represent feelings of capability, feasibility, expectancies
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