181 Summary and General Discussion certain personality characteristics and proactive vitality management. First of all, as discussed earlier, the findings from Chapter 2 suggest that individuals with a proactive personality are more likely to engage in proactive vitality management. In addition, personal attributes may influence the extent to which the proactive, goal-driven process may result in change and a different future. For example, Parker et al., (2010) suggest that proactive goals that are learning-focused rather than performance-oriented (Dweck, 1986) will be more likely to result in effective goal achievement. In line with this, the findings from Chapter 4 show that the relationship between proactive vitality management and creative work performance (i.e., a different future) was stronger for individuals driven by a learning goal orientation compared to individuals driven by a performance goal orientation. So, even though the goal of proactive vitality management is optimal functioning at work – regardless of one’s personality or goal orientation – these findings corroborate the idea that certain personal attributes may impact the proactive goal process and influence its effectiveness. Other personal attributes that may impact the proactive process and influence the extent to which a different future is achieved may center around how individuals may more effectively strive towards their goal. Indeed, Parker et al. (2010) proposed that the more proactive goal striving involves effective self-regulation, the more likely it is that those “proactive goals will continue to be pursued rather than abandoned” (Parker et al., 2010, p. 833). In a similar vein, in this dissertation I have argued that, in order to succeed in a goal-driven process such as proactive vitality management, people need to use their self-regulation skills to develop and implement behavioral strategies, and to continuously monitor and evaluate what works best for them to achieve the desired results (Balkis & Duru, 2016; Wang et al., 2021; Zimmerman, 2000). As suggested by the findings from the studies described in Chapter 2, 3 and 6 of this dissertation, individuals with higher levels of self-insight seem better equipped to go through this self-regulatory process, enhancing the effect of their proactive vitality management behaviors. Similar to other key personal resources, such as emotional intelligence and optimism, selfinsight may thus function as a higher-order and structural personal resource that facilitates the mobilization of other, more volatile personal resources, such as physical and mental energy (Bakker & De Vries, 2021; Ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012). For example, Chapter 6 detailed how higher levels of self-insight strengthened the effectiveness of proactive vitality management in mitigating JD-R’s health impairment 7
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