191 Summary and General Discussion preferred may vary between individuals and be different over time (see also, Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007; Thayer et al., 1994). However, it is suggested that proactive vitality management strategies may have the best result when they suit the individual’s needs and preferences. For example, research has shown that feeling happy or intrinsically motivated during any type of activity requires less effort, and that engaging in ‘preferred activities’ may be most beneficial in terms of physical and mental energy (e.g., Ten Brummelhuis & Trougakos, 2014; van Hooff et al., 2011; Hunter &Wu, 2016). Moreover, findings from multiple studies included in this dissertation suggest that higher levels of self-insight increase the effectiveness of proactive vitality management. Therefore, it is important that people develop and use their self-regulation skills by continuously thinking about their situational needs and personal preferences, and using a trial-anderror strategy to find out what works best for them. CONCLUSION The goal of this dissertation was to explore the role of the individual in promoting their own well-being and work outcomes. This approach is consistent with the idea of personal agency; that is, people can exert control over their own life. The conceptualization of proactive vitality management and the development of the proactive vitality management scale may facilitate theoretical advancement and systematic research on this topic. The studies presented in this dissertation build on core principles of proactive motivation and JD-R theories, and together explore the idea that individuals may proactively manage their own physical andmental energy for work to promote optimal functioning. Accordingly, besides valuable organizational policies or programs to promote employee vitality, organizations may benefit from creating a climate in which employees are stimulated and encouraged to take control themselves. The studies in this dissertation present a theoretical framework of proactive vitality management and its surrounding and consequential processes. Moreover, several relevant yet so far unexplored research avenues have been discussed that may help advance the literature and yield valuable new insights. Taken together, the presented work on proactive vitality management may hopefully inspire future research as well as practical interventions on proactive vitality management. 7
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