27 Conceptualization and Measurement of Proactive Vitality Management STUDY 1: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND FACTORIAL VALIDITY METHOD Scale Development To investigate proactive vitality management, we need a measurement instrument that captures the proactive behavioral component (i.e., self-initiated and goal-oriented behavior), and both the physical and mental aspect of vitality. Going beyond the specific activities people may engage in (cf. Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007) allows us to capture the essence of proactive vitality management, while taking into account individual and momentary differences regarding when and how to manage physical and mental energy. More specifically, instead of listing specific actions (e.g., drinking coffee), we aim to measure the extent to which people proactively manage their physical and mental energy to promote their work outcomes in a more generic and efficient way (Zacher et al., 2014). To develop the items for the PVM scale, we conducted an extensive literature search, in which we focused on studies including physical and mental energy at work. During this developmental phase, a wide variety of studies and literatures have inspired us throughout the process. Research that has influenced our work includes, but is not limited to, the work of Atwater and Carmeli (2009), Baas et al. (2008), De Dreu et al. (2012), Fredrickson (2001), and Shirom (2004). Combining this literature with the proactive, goal-oriented behavioral aspect of PVM, we formulated an initial pool of items with the help of two experts (work and organizational psychologists). The items all referred to managing both the physical and mental energy aspect of vitality (e.g., cognitive capacity, positivity, and physical energy) (; ?cf. Ryan & Deci, 2008; Ryan & Frederick, 1997). Additionally, all items were formulated in a way that represents the proactive, goal-oriented nature of PVM (i.e., self-initiated behavior aimed at work). After a thorough examination and discussion of all items, this time with help from various social and professional contacts of the authors, 18 items were selected to be included in the next phase of this research. To illustrate, we developed items such as “I make sure that I feel energetic during my work” and “I make sure that I can focus 2
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