38 Chapter 2 when undertaken proactively. Additionally, we propose that PVM may promote work performance because people need physical and mental energy to go the extra mile and engage in creative thinking. When individuals proactively ensure that they feel fresh, energized and positive, and with enough cognitive capacity to think, creative ideas regarding work methods, products or procedures may come to live (cf. Baas et al., 2008; De Dreu et al., 2012). Additionally, PVM may help to engage in creative work behavior and innovative strategies that improve work performance (cf. Atwater & Carmeli, 2009; Kark & Carmeli, 2009). In the one-day diary study we also examine the relationship between PVM and cognitive performance using a context-free, objective measure (i.e., the Remote Associates Test; RAT; Mednick, 1968). This test is not directly applicable to one specific work setting, as it more generally measures one’s cognitive capacity to think associatively and to create new combinations that are useful. Hypothesis 5: Proactive vitality management is positively related to (a) in-role work performance, (b) creative work performance, and (c) cognitive performance. METHOD Participants and Procedure To test our hypotheses and explore the nomological network of proactive vitality management, we used the total general-level sample from study 1 (N = 813). In addition, we wanted to measure the variables in the nomological network on a day-level. For this day-level study, approximately one-third of all participants from the general-level sample (N = 293) was asked and found willing to also participate in a cross-sectional study measuring daily PVM. This subsample of participants was asked to fill out the day-level questionnaire at, or near the end of one working day. We excluded participants who did not follow these instructions, leaving 246 participants (84%) for analysis of the day-level measure. Using a subsample of the general-level participants in our daylevel study allowed us to more accurately compare general-level PVM and day-level PVM (i.e., regarding associations with relevant constructs). However, to increase the independency of the general and day-level samples, we asked people who participated in both studies to keep at least one but preferably multiple days between filling out the general and the day-level questionnaire. The average number of days between
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