Ben van der Hilst

We are led (….) to an attitude of great respect for formal, hierarchical or- ganization. It is an instrument of great achievement of great effectiveness; it offers great economies over unorganized effort; it achieves great unity and compliance. We must face up to its deficiencies, however. These include great waste of human potential for innovation and cre- ativity and great psychological cost to the members, many of whom spend their lives in organizations without caring much either for the system (except its extrinsic rewards and accidental interpersonal re- lationships) or for the goal toward which the system effort is directed. The modification of hierarchical organization to meet these criticisms is one of the great needs of human life. Daniel Katz en Robert L. Kahn in The Social Psychology of Organizations (1966)