Marlot Kuiper

77 Research Perspective: Professional routines A second important type of connection are those between routines. I expand the routine framework from mere internal dynamics to routine interactions, as routines never stand on their own. When you study a routine in isolation you never truly get to see and understand why certain patterns (do not) emerge or change. Routines are connected to each other. To create a new routine it has to fit with existing patterns of action. This also means that people engage in different routines and have to balance and prioritize routines. Here we can make links with the concept of ‘hybrid professionalism’ that has gained prominence in public management literature. Whereas in ‘classic professionalism’ individual case treatment is at the core, hybrid professionalism is about new connections between professional and organisational principles (Noordegraaf, 2015). Noordegraaf (2015: 12) argues that for professionals to deal with new and complex realities, organising work should become part of professional action. From a routine perspective I would phrase that to routinize a new standard, professionals should (re)organise interacting routines. Studying how a new standard becomes routinized therefore necessarily implies tracing the interaction of multiple professional routines. A third important type of connection are those between routines - the dynamic of ostensive aspects and behaviours - and artefacts as ‘model’ for routines. Insights from Routine Theory revealed that ‘implementers’ usually design artefacts that do not result in the intended behaviours (Pentland and Feldman, 2008). Organising connections thus also means not merely implementing artefacts but connecting artefacts and practices (see also Noordegraaf 2015). ‘Materiality’ is increasingly considered to play as decisive role in organising (e.g. Orlikowski, 2001), but attention for artefacts in empirical studies has remained limited (D’Adderio, 2011; Feldman et al., 2016). By looking at this type of connection, I not only search for explanations why discrepancies between artefacts and actual patterns of action emerge, but also look for ways to better connect the artefact with the actual behaviour. 3.4 Research perspective: professional routines In this chapter, I have developed a toolkit to study checklists as a relational and situated matter. A routine perspective, which incorporates three important types of connections (between people, between routines, and between routines and artefacts), provides a useful lens to examine the mechanisms that influence 3