Xuxi Zhang

Table 1 Characteristics of eligible studies included in meta ‐ analysis No., author, year Number of participants Participant Characteristics * Study design, location Intervention methods, duration 1, Thom, D. H., 2013 [18] Baseline: In total: 299; IG: 148; CG: 151 Follow ‐ up intervals † (0 month): Completion Rate (CR): 78.9%; IG: 122 Attrition: 17.6%; CG:114 Attrition: 24.5% (Patients who dropped out did not differ significantly from patients remaining in the study) Patients: Type 2 diabetics with HbA1c level of 8.0% or greater within the past 6 months Mean age: 55 (range 29 to 82) Female (%): 52.2% Insulin usage (%): Baseline 55.0% Other features: Mostly low ‐ income patients (<$10,000 per year) RCT United States PLI/TDI 6 months 2, Murrock, C. J., 2009 [27] Baseline: In total: 46; IG: 24; CG: 22 Follow ‐ up intervals (0 month): CR: 82.6%; IG: 20 Attrition: 16.7%; CG: 18 Attrition: 18.2% Patients: Diagnosed type 2 diabetics with HbA1c level <10% within the past 6 months Mean age: 58.8 (IG) 67.1(CG) P<0.05 (There is significant difference in mean age between IG and CG, but no significant difference in the other dependent variables between IG and CG) Female (%): 100% Insulin usage (%): Baseline 21.7% Other features: African American women RCT United States PPI/SGI 3 months 3, Lorig, K., 2009 [28] Baseline: In total: 345; IG: 186; CG: 159 Follow ‐ up intervals (4.5 months): CR: 85.2%; IG: 161 Attrition: 15.5% ; CG: 133 Attrition: 16.4% Follow ‐ up intervals (6 months for IG): 126 eligible CR: 81%; Attrition: 19% Patients: Not pregnant or in care for cancer, and had type 2 diabetes. Participants’ physicians verified their diagnoses. Mean age: 66.7 Female (%): 66% Insulin usage (%): Baseline 17.4% Other features: The DSMP intervention participants were followed for an additional 6 months (12 months total) RCT United States PLI/CCOI 1.5months 4, Lujan, J., 2007 [32] Baseline: In total: 150; IG: 75; CG: 75 Follow ‐ up intervals ( ‐ 3 months): CR: 95.3%; IG: 73 Attrition: 2.7% ; CG: 70 Attrition: 6.7% Follow ‐ up intervals (0 month): CR: 94%; IG: 71 Attrition: 5.3%; CG: 70 Attrition: 6.7% Patients: Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 1 year Mean age: 58 Female (%): 80% Insulin usage (%):  ‐‐ ; 96% hypoglycemic agents Other features: Mexican American RCT Texas ‐ Mexico Border CHWI/CCRI 6 months 5, Duggan, C., 2014 [16] Baseline: In total: 320 IG: 154 CG: 166 Follow ‐ up intervals (1.75months) ‡ : CR: 100%; IG: 154 Attrition: 0%; CG: 166 Attrition: 0% Patients: HbA1c higher than 6%; 67.3% diagnosed with diabetes Mean age: 50.6 Female (%): 70.6% Insulin usage (%): Baseline 18.3% Other features: Hispanics RCT United States CHWI/ HVI 1.25 months 134 Chapter 6