Xuxi Zhang
there is no global standard assessment measure for frailty. 11 Although many assessment tools to measure frailty have been developed in the past decades, there are relatively few validation studies for many frailty measures. 10, 11 Furthermore, researchers, health care professionals and policymakers increasingly acknowledge the multidimensional nature of frailty. 17, 19 However, many measures only cover the physical domain, such as the frailty phenotype 16 and the frailty indexes 20, 21 , but not the psychological and social domains. 11 The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) is one of the multidimensional frailty measures. The TFI considers frailty from a bio‐psycho‐social framework and includes 15 items addressing 3 domains: the physical, psychological and social domains. 22 Pialoux et al. (2012) proposed that the TFI is an appropriate measure for screening frailty in primary health care settings. 23 Besides the frailty measures, relatively few studies examine frailty from the multidimensional perspective. Some studies related to frailty are focused on physical frailty only, 12, 24, 25 however studies on the psychological and social frailty are also needed to provide insight regarding the determinants of and the management of frailty. Chronic conditions Hajat and Stein (2018) reported that around 16–57% of adults in developed countries suffer from one or more chronic conditions. 26 With the increasing proportion of older adults in the population and increasing proportion of younger adults with chronic conditions who will live to advanced ages worldwide, it is anticipated that the burden of chronic conditions will increase in the near future. 26, 27 Chronic conditions may have negative effects on the quality of life of affected individuals 28 . Chronic conditions can be associated with not only premature mortality 29 but also a negative impact on economic and social effects in families 30 , communities and societies in general. 31 Successful self‐management of chronic conditions could help citizens handle their life with independence to some extent despite their chronic condition and to feel ‘healthy’ even in the presence of certain limitations. 32 Moreover, within the context of the healthcare and welfare systems that experience challenges, the ability of adults with a chronic condition to take care of themselves for as long as possible has become increasingly important. 32 Diabetes is a chronic condition with significant morbidity and mortality which may result in blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation due to the complications of diabetes. 33 The worldwide prevalence of diabetes among adults is 451 million (age 18‐99 years) in 2017 and is anticipated to rise to 693 million by 2045. 34 Among all the patients with diabetes, around 90–95% have type 2 diabetes (T2DM) which “encompasses individuals who have insulin resistance and usually have relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency”(P. S83). 33 1 15 General introduction
Made with FlippingBook
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy ODAyMDc0