Xuxi Zhang
The main characteristic of T2DM is hyperglycemia, and the degree and duration of hyperglycemia are associated with the microvascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. 35, 36 Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important risk factor of preventable blindness, 37 and more than 60% of those with T2DM will develop DR. 38 The modifiable risk factors of T2DM and its complications, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and lifestyle, have been identified by previous studies. 38‐40 On‐going changes in lifestyle including diet, exercise, medication management and monitoring clinical and metabolic parameters may be effective in better management and control of T2DM as well as its complications. 41, 42 However, these changes in lifestyle are difficult for the adults with T2DM due to the requirement of strong self‐management or self‐ regulation skills. 41, 43 Peer support, a kind of ongoing support from nonprofessionals, may contribute to effectively providing ongoing self‐management support and help adults with T2DM change and sustain the key behaviors. 41, 44, 45 A guide developed by the Victorian Department of Human Services in Australia proposed seven types of peer support: (1) Have a chat, (2) Support groups, (3) Internet and email peer support, (4) Peer‐led groups or events, (5) Individual peer coaches, (6) Telephone‐based peer support, and (7) Community workers and service provider‐led groups. 46 Mindfulness has recently been explored as a potential concept that could help people deal with the challenges of chronic conditions. 47, 48 Mindfulness‐based stress reduction interventions could enable participants with chronic conditions to better cope with symptoms and better achieve overall well‐being, quality of life and health outcomes. 49 Previous studies also reported that mindfulness interventions may have positive effect on better self‐ management of diabetes 50 as well as chronic low back pain 51 . However, there are relatively few studies regarding the effectiveness of interventions among adults with chronic conditions to promote self‐management. More studies on interventions to enable adults with T2DM as well as other chronic conditions to enhance self‐management of chronic conditions are needed. Public Health Framework In order to contribute to effective ways to manage frailty and chronic conditions so as to promote healthy ageing and enable people to perceive greater wellbeing in their own lives, the Public Health Framework 52 may be applied to study health promotion for people with frailty and chronic conditions. We use it in this thesis. The public health framework involves four steps: (1) defining the problem (surveillance), (2) identifying the cause or risk and protective factors for the problem, (3) determining how to prevent or control the problem, (4) implementing effective interventions and evaluating their effect (see Figure 1.1.2). 52, 53 16 Chapter 1
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