Xuxi Zhang

Supplementary Table S3 Diagnosis method and progression definition of DR Study Diagnosis method of DR Worsening or progression of DR ABCD trail, 2002 Retinopathy was staged using the Modified Airlie House Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy. Seven ‐ field stereoscopic fundus photographs were taken on ‐ site at baseline then at year 2 and 5 by a technician trained by the Reading Center. The graders used the protocol of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). The worsening of clinically important retinopathy is defined as a change of at least two steps from baseline measurements. ACCORD Eye Study, 2010 The study consisted of two comprehensive, standardized eye examinations conducted by a study ophthalmologist or optometrist, along with fundus photography of seven standard stereoscopic fields, at baseline and 4 years of follow ‐ up. The fundus photographs were evaluated on the basis of the photographic standards defined for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) and graded according to an abbreviated and modified version of the ETDRS. The progression of diabetic retinopathy is defined as a change of at least three steps on the ETDRS Severity Scale. ACCORDION Eye Study, 2016 Same as above Same as above Kumamoto, 1995 All of the patients had direct ophthalmoscopy, with pupils dilated. Fundoscopic findings were evaluated by at least 2 examiners (an ophthalmologist and an internist) followed by color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. The degrees of retinopathy were determined by the 2 eye examiners for each patient in accordance with the ETDRS interim scale. The worsening of retinopathy were defined as the change of at least 2 steps. Tovi, 1998 Eye ‐ ground changes were documented by initial ophthalmological examinations. The examinations included measurements of visual acuity and intraocular pressure. Stereofundic photographs of the optic disc, the macular area, the area temporal to the macula and nasal to the optic disc, and other areas of interest were taken for all patients. Evaluations of fundic photographs were performed blind by the ophthalmologist (S.O.I.). Grading of the patients’ retinopathy was based on the alternative classification of the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. The progression of retinopathy was defined as a two ‐ step increase in severity. Steno study, 1999 Retinal photographs of two 45–50°C fields (maculatemporal and disc ‐ nasal) were taken in both eyes through dilated pupils. The photographs were graded by two independent, ophthalmologists, masked to treatment allocation, according to the EURODIAB six ‐ level grading scale. Progression of retinopathy was an increase of at least one level in any eye. Steno 2 study, 2003 Same as above Same as above Rachmani, R., 2002 Patients of both groups were seen by one of the authors on four annual follow ‐ up visits during which relevant data were reviewed and letters were written to the primary care physicians. The data available at each visit included clinic and home blood pressure values, BMI, blood levels of HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL triglycerides, serum creatinine, serum N/A 7 191 Prevention and control of diabetic retinopathy