Xuxi Zhang

albumin, uric acid, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and a written report of fundoscopy by an ophthalmologist. PREDIMED study, 2015 New onset diabetic retinopathy was defined by the medical diagnosis made by an ophthalmologist of any nonproliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy, or laser photocoagulation treatment for diabetic retinopathy, as reported in the medical charts. These reports and all relevant documentation, including medical records made by ophthalmologists, were sent to the PREDIMED members of the Clinical Adjudication Events Committee. N/A UKPDS 69, 2004 Retinal colour photographs of four standard 30° fields per eye (nasal, disc, macula, and temporal to macular fields) were taken plus stereophotographs of the macula. Repeat photography was arranged if the quality of the photograph was unsatisfactory. Retinal photographs were assessed at a central grading centre for the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy. Any fields with retinopathy were graded by two further senior independent assessors using a modified ETDRS final scale. The worsening of retinopathy is defined as a change of at least two steps. VADT, 2016 Patients underwent a standard annual ophthalmologic examination. Stereo seven ‐ field fundus photographs were obtained at baseline and at 5 years by certified photographers. The 23 ‐ step Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading scale was used to define progression to new proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The worsening of retinopathy was defined as a 2 ‐ step increase on the scale. ADVANCE, 2008 Seven standard field stereoscopic photographs of the left and right eyes were taken with 35 mm high ‐ quality colour films (Kodak EPR64 135 ‐ 36), according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. The progression of retinopathy was defined as progression of ≥ 2 steps in ETDRS classification with laser coagulation therapy during follow ‐ up as the final step in ETDRS classification. AdRem Study, 2009 Seven standard field stereoscopic photographs of the left and right eyes were taken with 35 mm high ‐ quality colour films (Kodak EPR64 135 ‐ 36), according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. The seven fields included one centred on the optic disc, one centred on the macula, one temporal to the macula, and two superior and two inferior fields. In patients with non ‐ gradeable images according to strict criteria, repeat photographs were sought. The ETDRS classification was slightly modified in the UKPDS, and this modified classification was used in the AdRem study. Detected lesions were graded in comparison with the ETDRS final scale standard photographs. The progression of retinopathy was defined as progression of ≥ 2 steps in ETDRS classification with laser coagulation therapy during follow ‐ up as the final step in ETDRS classification. California Medi ‐ Cal Study, 2005 One photograph was taken of each eye with a Canon CR4 ‐ 45° nonmydriatic camera. Photographs were taken in a dark room to facilitate dilatation of the pupils and improve the quality of the photographs. Additionally, at the Los Angeles site, pupils were dilated before taking the photos. The retinal field N/A 192 Chapter 7