Xuxi Zhang
Regarding mental HRQoL, a large difference (d = 1.20) between psychologically and not psychologically frail participants was observed and moderate differences between physically and not physically frail participants (d = 0.69) and between socially and not socially frail participants (d = 0.54). Table 1 Characteristics of study population (n=2167) Items Total (n=2167) Mean±SD N(%) Frailty Yes (n=1195) Mean±SD N(%) No (n=972) Mean±SD N(%) P‐value Age 79.7±5.6 80.4±5.8 78.7±5.3 <0.001 Sex <0.001 Male 854(39.4) 363(30.4) 491(50.5) Female 1313(60.6) 832(69.6) 481(49.5) Country <0.001 The United Kingdom 537(24.8) 248(20.8) 289(29.7) Greece 327(15.1) 214(17.9) 113(11.6) Croatia 476(22.0) 356(29.8) 120(12.3) The Netherlands 331(15.3) 133(11.1) 198(20.4) Spain 496(22.9) 244(20.4) 252(26.9) Education level a <0.001 Primary or less 586(27.3) 352(29.8) 234(24.3) Secondary or equivalent 1361(63.5) 746(63.2) 615(63.9) Tertiary or higher 196(9.1) 83(7.0) 113(11.7) Living situation a <0.001 Living with others 1341(62.0) 641(53.8) 700(72.1) Living alone 822(38.0) 551(46.2) 271(27.9) Life style‐Alcohol a <0.001 No alcohol risk 1520(73.6) 903(80.2) 617(65.8) Alcohol risk 544(26.4) 223(19.8) 321(34.2) Life style‐Exercise a <0.001 Once a week or less 609(28.3) 484(40.9) 125(12.9) More than once a week 1544(71.7) 700(59.1) 844(87.1) Life style‐Smoking a 0.467 Not smoking 2005(92.7) 1102(92.4) 903(93.2) Smoking 157(7.3) 91(7.6) 66(6.8) Multi‐morbidity a <0.001 No 195(9.0) 50(4.2) 145(14.9) Yes 1971(91.0) 1145(95.8) 826(85.1) Note: Significant P ‐values in bold. a Missing items: Education level=24; Living situation=4; Life style‐Alcohol=103; Life style‐ Exercise=14; Life style‐Smoking=5; Multi‐morbidity=1 SD, standard deviation 2 33 Association between frailty and HRQoL
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