Xuxi Zhang

Table 2 Frailty and HRQoL scores (n=2167)  Items  HRQOL Scores  Mean±SD  PCS  MCS  Total (n=2167)  41.77±12.07  50.27±10.70  Frailty    Yes (n=1195)  36.62±11.84  46.10±11.22    No (n=972)  48.11±8.93  55.41±7.27  Effect Size b 1.10 a 0.98 a Physical Frailty    Yes (n=1173)  35.81±11.40  47.12±11.45    No (n=994)  48.81±8.54  54.00±8.33  Effect Size b 1.29 a 0.69 a Psychological Frailty    Yes (n=843)  38.39±12.39  43.32±10.69    No (n=1324)  43.93±11.35  54.70±8.03  Effect Size b 0.47 a 1.20 a Social Frailty    Yes (n=629)  38.50±12.13  46.25±11.04    No (n=1538)  43.11±11.79  51.92±10.11    Effect Size  b 0.39 a 0.54 a Abbreviations: PCS, Physical Component Suammary summarized by the SF‐12; MCS, Mental  Component Suammary summarized by the SF‐12.  a  p <0.001, P‐values are based on Independent T test for frail and not frail groups.  b  Cohen’s effect size (d) for differences in HRQOL between frail and not frail groups.  0.20≤d<0.50 is considered a small difference; 0.50≤d<0.80 a moderate difference; d≥0.80 a  large difference.   SD, standard deviation  Multivariate linear regression models   Table 3 presents the multivariate linear regression models for frailty and HRQoL. Being frail  was significantly associated with lower HRQoL scores ( p < 0.001). The associations were partly  explained by the covariates. With respect to physical HRQoL, living in Greece (versus Spain),  having completed secondary education or equivalent (versus Tertiary education or higher) and  smoking were not significantly associated. The amount of variance explained by the crude  model was 23.2% and was 38.2% in the adjusted model. Regarding mental HRQoL, living in  the Netherlands (versus Spain), having completed secondary education or equivalent (versus  Tertiary education or higher), high‐risk alcohol use, smoking and multi‐morbidity were not  significantly associated. The amount of variance explained by the crude model was 19.3% and  was 27.2% in the adjusted model.   34 Chapter 2