Xuxi Zhang

Supplementary Table S3 Multivariate linear regression model (Frailty score and HRQoL)  PCS  MCS  Items  Crude  Model  Adjusted  Model   Crude  Model  Adjusted  Model   Frailty score  ‐2.13 c ‐1.77 c ‐1.86 c ‐1.66 c Age  ‐0.15 c 0.16 c Sex   Female vs. male ‐1.35 b ‐0.91 a Country  The United Kingdom vs. Spain ‐5.46 c ‐1.96 b Greece vs. Spain 1.09  ‐0.61  Croatia vs. Spain ‐2.70 c ‐4.48 c The Netherlands vs. Spain ‐5.41 c 0.13  Education level  Primary or less vs. tertiary or higher ‐0.59  ‐1.18  Secondary or equivalent vs. tertiary  or higher  0.83  ‐0.88  Living situation Living alone vs. living with others  2.01 c 1.80 c Life style Alcohol risk vs. no alcohol risk  0.94 a 0.28  Exercise once a week or less vs.  More than once a week ‐6.15 c ‐2.28 c Smoking vs. not smoking 0.84  ‐0.33  Multi‐morbidity Yes vs. no ‐4.30 c 0.54  Adjusted R 2 , %  31.5  43.2  30.4  34.5  Note: Abbreviations: PCS, Physical Component Suammary summarized by the SF‐12; MCS,  Mental Component Suammary summarized by the SF‐12.  The Crude Model is the unadjusted model with frailty as determinant.  The Adjusted Model is the adjusted model with frailty and the covariates as determinants.   a p <0.05,  b  p <0.01,  c  p <0.001, significant P‐values in bold  46 Chapter 2