Xuxi Zhang

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the analyses (n=1735) Items Total (n=1735) Baseline frequency of moderate PA 12 ‐ month change in moderate PA Regular frequency (n=1272) Low frequency (n=463) Continued regular frequency (n=1020) Decreased frequency (n=252) Continued low frequency (n=302) Increased frequency (n=161) Age 79.6±5.5 79.1±5.3 a 81.2±5.8 a 78.8±5.2 b 80.3±5.6 b 81.9±5.9 b 79.9±5.4 b Sex Male 675(38.9) 532(41.8) b 143(30.9) b 430(42.2) b 102(40.5) b 84(27.8) b 59(36.6) b Female 1060(61.1) 740(58.2) b 320(69.1) b 590(57.8) b 150(59.5) b 218(72.2) b 102(63.4) b Country Spain 394(22.7) 327(25.7) c 67(14.5) c 288(28.2) c 39(15.5) c 25(8.3) c 42(26.1) c Greece 209(12.0) 149(11.7) c 60(13.0) c 101(9.9) c 48(19.0) c 44(14.6) c 16(9.9) c Croatia 418(24.1) 255(20.0) c 163(35.2) c 185(18.1) c 70(27.8) c 128(42.4) c 35(21.7) c NL 265(15.3) 203(16.0) c 62(13.4) c 161(15.8) c 42(16.7) c 30(9.9) c 32(19.9) c UK 449(25.9) 338(26.6) c 111(24.0) c 285(27.9) c 53(21.0) c 75(24.8) c 36(22.4) c Educational level Tertiary 173(10.0) 147(11.6) c 26(5.6) c 110(10.8) c 37(14.7) c 15(5.0) c 11(6.9) c Secondary 1125(65.1) 790(62.4) c 335(72.7) c 638(62.9) c 152(60.6) c 228(75.5) c 107(67.3) c Primary or less 429(24.8) 329(26.0) c 100(21.7) c 267(26.3) c 62(24.7) c 59(19.5) c 41(25.8) c Living situation Living with others 1054(60.9) 790(62.2) 264(57.4) 631(62.0) 159(63.1) 170(56.3) 94(59.5) Living alone 676(39.1) 480(37.8) 196(42.6) 387(38.0) 93(36.9) 132(43.7) 64(40.5) Smoking No 1601(92.4) 1166(91.7 ) 435(94.4) 941(92.3) 225(89.3) 284(94.7) 151(93.8) Yes 131(7.6) 105(8.3) 26(5.6) 78(7.7) 27(10.7) 16(5.3) 10(6.2) Alcohol risk No 1198(72.6) 823(68.5) c 375(83.7) c 660(68.1) c 163(70.0) c 255(87.3) c 120(76.9) c Yes 452(27.4) 379(31.5) c 73(16.3) c 309(31.9) c 70(30.0) c 37(12.7) c 36(23.1) c Multi ‐ morbidity No 162(9.3) 134(10.5) d 28(6.0) d 113(11.1) d 21(8.3) d 12(4.0) d 16(9.9) d Yes 1573(90.7) 1138(89.5 ) d 435(94.0) d 907(88.9) d 231(91.7) d 290(96.0) d 145(90.1) d Note: Data presented as mean±SD or number (percentage). Missing items: Age=1; Education level=8; Living situation=5; Smoking=3; Alcohol risk=85. Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; NL, the Netherlands; UK, the United Kingdom. a p <.001; P values are based on independent T test b p <.001; P values are based on one ‐ way analysis of variance (ANOVA) c p <.001; P values are based on  χ 2 tests d p <.01; P values are based on  χ 2 tests 3 57 Longitudinal association between physical activity and frailty