Xuxi Zhang

Frailty at baseline and follow ‐ up Table 2 and Figure 2 show the overall, physical, psychological and social frailty scores at baseline and follow ‐ up by 1) frequency of moderate PA at baseline, and 2) 12 ‐ month change in frequency of moderate PA. Compared with participants who undertook moderate PA with a regular frequency at baseline, participants who undertook moderate PA with a low frequency were significantly more overall (mean = 6.80; SD = 3.27; Figure 2, Part A), physically (mean = 3.99; SD = 2.13; Figure 2, Part C), psychologically (mean = 1.61; SD = 1.20; Figure 2, Part E) and socially (mean = 1.21; SD = 0.89; Figure 2, Part G) frail at follow ‐ up. Regarding change in frequency of moderate PA, those participants who undertook moderate PA with a continued regular frequency were least frail, and participants with a continued low frequency were most frail at follow ‐ up (Figure 2, Part B, D, F and H). Participants who undertook moderate PA with a decreased frequency were more frail at follow ‐ up than at baseline (Figure 2, Part B, D, and F). However, the difference in social frailty was not significant. Conversely, participants who undertook moderate PA with an increased frequency were less frail at follow ‐ up than at baseline (Figure 2, Part B, D, and H), although the difference in psychological frailty was not significant. Association between frequency of moderate PA and frailty Supplementary Table S2 shows the multivariate linear regression models exploring the association between frequency of moderate PA at baseline and overall, physical, psychological or social frailty at follow ‐ up. Compared with participants who undertook moderate PA with a regular frequency at baseline, participants with low exercise frequency were significantly more frail (B = 0.28; 95%CI = 0.01,0.55; P < 0.05) at follow ‐ up after controlling for overall frailty at baseline and the covariates. Association between 12 ‐ month change in frequency of moderate PA and frailty Table 3 shows the multivariate linear regression models exploring the association between 12 ‐ month change in frequency of moderate PA and overall, physical, psychological or social frailty at follow ‐ up. Change in frequency of moderate PA was significantly associated with overall, physical, psychological and social frailty at follow ‐ up. Compared with participants who undertook moderate PA with a continued regular frequency, participants with a decreased frequency (B = 1.31; 95%CI = 0.99,1.63; P < .001) and participants with a continued low frequency (B = 1.16; 95%CI = 0.84,1.49; P < .001) were significantly more overall frail at follow ‐ up after the covariates and overall frailty at baseline were controlled. Regarding physical frailty, participants with a decreased frequency (B = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.58,1.03; P < .001) and participants with a continued low frequency (B = 0.73; 95%CI = 0.51,0.96; P < .001) were significantly more physically frail at follow ‐ up. Regarding psychological frailty, participants with a decreased frequency (B = 0.43; 95%CI = 0.30,0.56; P < .001) and participants with a continued low frequency (B = 0.42; 95%CI = 0.29,0.55; P <.001) were significantly more psychologically frail at follow ‐ up. Regarding social frailty, participants 60 Chapter 3