Xuxi Zhang

with decreased exercise frequency (B = 0.14; 95%CI = 0.04,0.23; P <0.01) and participants with a continued low frequency (B = 0.13; 95%CI = 0.04,0.23; P <0.01) were significantly more socially frail at follow ‐ up. There was no significant difference in overall, physical, psychological and social frailty at follow ‐ up between participants who undertook moderate PA with an increased frequency and participants with a continued regular frequency. More details can be found in Supplementary Table S3. Table 3 Multivariate linear regression models (12 ‐ month change in physical activity and follow ‐ up scores of frailty) 12 ‐ month follow ‐ up frailty score 12 ‐ month change in moderate physical activity Continued regular frequency Decreased frequency Continued low frequency Increased frequency Adjusted R 2 , % Overall frailty Crude Model d Reference 1.34 c (1.02,1.66) 1.31 c (1.00,1.63) ‐ 0.25( ‐ 0.64,0.13) 56.6 Adjusted Model e Reference 1.31 c (0.99,1.63) 1.16 c (0.84,1.49) ‐ 0.25( ‐ 0.63,0.14) 57.8 Physical frailty Crude Model f Reference 0.83 c (0.60,1.06) 0.86 c (0.63,1.09) ‐ 0.15( ‐ 0.42,0.12) 51.6 Adjusted Model g Reference 0.80 c (0.58,1.03) 0.73 c (0.51,0.96) ‐ 0.15( ‐ 0.42,0.11) 53.0 Psychological frailty Crude Model h Reference 0.45 c (0.32,0.58) 0.47 c (0.35,0.60) 0.02( ‐ 0.13,0.18) 39.2 Adjusted Model i Reference 0.43 c (0.30,0.56) 0.42 c (0.29,0.55) 0.01( ‐ 0.15,0.16) 39.7 Social frailty Crude Model j Reference 0.13 a (0.03,0.23) 0.14 b (0.05,0.24) ‐ 0.03( ‐ 0.15,0.09) 41.8 Adjusted Model k Reference 0.14 b (0.04,0.23) 0.13 b (0.04,0.23) 0.02( ‐ 0.09,0.13) 48.5 Note: Data presented as B(95% confidence interval), unless otherwise indicated. More details can be found in Supplementary Table S3. a p <.05, b p <.01, c p <.001, significant effect estimates in bold d Adjusted for baseline overall frailty and country e Adjusted for baseline overall frailty, country, age, sex, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi ‐ morbidity and intervention condition f Adjusted for baseline physical frailty and country g Adjusted for baseline physical frailty, country, age, sex, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi ‐ morbidity and intervention condition h Adjusted for baseline psychological frailty and country i Adjusted for baseline psychological frailty, country, age, sex, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi ‐ morbidity and intervention condition j Adjusted for baseline social frailty and country k Adjusted for baseline social frailty, country, age, sex, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi ‐ morbidity and intervention condition 3 61 Longitudinal association between physical activity and frailty