Xuxi Zhang

Supplementary Table S4 Multiple linear regression models (12 ‐ month change in moderate physical activity and psychological frailty) stratified by country (Continued) Items Spain 12 ‐ month follow ‐ up Psychological frailty Greece 12 ‐ month follow ‐ up Psychological frailty Croatia 12 ‐ month follow ‐ up Psychological frailty The Netherlands 12 ‐ month follow ‐ up Psychological frailty The United Kingdom 12 ‐ month follow ‐ up Psychological frailty Crude Model B(95%CI) Adjusted Model B(95%CI) Crude Model B(95%CI) Adjusted Model B(95%CI) Crude Model B(95%CI) Adjusted Model B(95%CI) Crude Model B(95%CI) Adjusted Model B(95%CI) Crude Model B(95%CI) Adjusted Model B(95%CI) Living alone ‐ 0.08( ‐ 0.29,0.12) 0.01( ‐ 0.37,0.40) ‐ 0.22( ‐ 0.44,0.00) ‐ 0.15( ‐ 0.39,0.09) ‐ 0.09( ‐ 0.26,0.07) Smoking No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Yes 0.17( ‐ 0.21,0.54) 0.01( ‐ 0.41,0.43) 0.41 a (0.01,0.81) 0.08( ‐ 0.28,0.43) ‐ 0.08( ‐ 0.39,0.24) Alcohol risk No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Yes ‐ 0.04( ‐ 0.23,0.16) ‐ 0.31( ‐ 0.64,0.02) ‐ 0.29( ‐ 0.58,0.00) ‐ 0.02( ‐ 0.20,0.23) 0.00( ‐ 0.17,0.18) Multi ‐ morbidity No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Yes versus no 0.02( ‐ 0.26,0.31) 0.29( ‐ 0.24,0.83) ‐ 0.18( ‐ 0.53,0.18) 0.10( ‐ 0.21,0.41) 0.14( ‐ 0.22,0.49) Intervention condition Control group Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Intervention group 0.13( ‐ 0.05,0.31) ‐ 0.12( ‐ 0.43,0.19) ‐ 0.19( ‐ 0.40,0.01) ‐ 0.23( ‐ 0.45,0.00) ‐ 0.04( ‐ 0.20,0.12) Adjusted R square, % 35.7 36.4 44.5 44.4 25.6 27.7 33.2 33.2 30.9 30.4 a p <0.05, b p <0.01, c p <0.001, significant effect estimates in bold 3 73 Longitudinal association between physical activity and frailty