Xuxi Zhang

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants, frailty assessed with the Tilburg Frailty Indicator, outcomes of alternative measures (n=2250) (Contined) Characteristic Total (n=2250) Participants from each individual country Spain (n=496) Greece (n=354) Croatia (n=476) NL (n=366) UK (n=558) P ‐ Value Social relationships (0 ‐ 1) 0.44±0.50 0.35±0.48 0.57±0.50 0.57±0.50 0.37±0.48 0.37±0.48 P <.001 * Social support (0 ‐ 1) 0.19±0.39 0.16±0.37 0.32±0.47 0.23±0.42 0.21±0.41 0.09±0.28 P <.001 * Other scores (alternative measures) (score range) ‡ HRQoL PCS score (SF ‐ 12) (0 ‐ 100) 41.86±12.07 45.62±11.03 44.31±12.07 37.83±11.30 41.41±12.58 40.67±12.04 P <.001 * HRQoL MCS score (SF ‐ 12) (0 ‐ 100) 50.28±10.67 52.17±11.09 48.95±9.64 44.61±11.09 54.21±9.90 51.84±8.75 P <.001 * Activities restriction score (GARS) (18 ‐ 72) 25.30±9.72 22.12±6.95 23.31±7.73 30.48±12.78 25.80±8.69 24.65±8.77 P <.001 * Activities of daily living restriction score (GARS  ‐ ADL) (11 ‐ 44) 14.76±4.95 13.13±3.48 13.73±3.55 17.50±6.90 14.61±4.27 14.60±4.23 P <.001 * Mental well ‐ being score (MHI ‐ 5) (0 ‐ 100) 73.98±20.67 75.10±21.73 64.16±18.94 62.92±20.26 81.98±16.45 83.31±15.97 P <.001 * Loneliness score (short ‐ JG) (0 ‐ 6) 1.79±1.75 1.46±1.60 2.05±1.71 2.87±1.82 1.46±1.74 1.21±1.37 P <.001 * Adverse outcomes (alternative measures) Physical frailty (SHARE ‐ FI) 477(21.5) 69(14.1) 63(18.4) 103(22.1) 80(22.2) 162(29.3) P <.001 † Loss of independence (GARS) 580(25.8) 62(12.5) 61(17.4) 211(44.3) 116(31.8) 130(23.3) P <.001 † Limited function (GALI) 1190(53.1) 184(37.1 ) 169(48.4) 324(68.4 ) 177(48.5) 336(60.2) P <.001 † Poor mental health (MHI ‐ 5) 320(14.4) 68(13.8) 74(21.4) 133(28.1) 18(4.9) 27(4.9) P <.001 † Feeling lonely (short ‐ JG) 1033(46.5) 183(37.1) 187(53.6) 349(73.8) 138(38.0) 176(32.3) P <.001 † TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator; HRQoL, Health ‐ Related Quality of Life; SF ‐ 12, 12 ‐ item Short form; PCS, Physical Component Summary summarized by the SF ‐ 12; MCS, Mental Component Summary summarized by the SF ‐ 12; GARS, 18 ‐ item Groningen Activity Restriction Scale; GARS ‐ ADL, 11 ‐ item subscale of the 18 ‐ item Groningen Activity Restriction Scale to measure independence of Activities Of Daily Living; MHI ‐ 5, full 5 ‐ item mental well ‐ being scale of the 36 ‐ Item Short Form Survey; short ‐ JG, 6 ‐ item version of the De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale; SHARE ‐ FI, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe ‐ Frailty Instrument; NL, the Netherlands; UK, the United Kingdom. Missing items: Women = 3; Level of education = 26; Living alone = 6; SF ‐ 12 = 112; GARS = 4; GARS  ‐ ADL = 5; short ‐ JG = 27; MHI ‐ 5 = 22; SHARE ‐ FI = 36; GALI = 8 Presented as mean±SD or N(%) * P ‐ value based on ANOVA; † P ‐ value based on Chi ‐ square test; Post ‐ hoc testing was performed after a statistically significant chi ‐ squared test; P ‐ value<0.05 in bold ‡ The mean of each country was compared with the mean of the other four countries with a respective independent t test; P ‐ value<0.05 in bold 84 Chapter 4