Martine van der Pluijm

151 How to support lower-educated parents? Cognitive responsive behavior (Landry et al., 2008; Wasik & Sparling, 2012) Behavior Definition Maintaining Frequency of interactive behavior of the parent, that is initiated related to the behavior or focus of the child or as a response to the child’s request for a reaction. Scaffolding Frequency of behavior of the parent to enrich the child’s knowledge and skills by asking questions, explaining conceptual links, and using verbal prompts to provide learning opportunities for the child and further extend knowledge and skills. The parent creates situations for child initiatives and avoids taking over the activity. Supportive verbal encouragement Frequency of parental positive appraisals, reinforcements, and encouragements of child behavior and expressions. Appendix B: coding scheme of quality of language based on De la Rie (2018), Van Kleeck et al. (1997), and Joyner (2014) Type of language Definition Example Content-related language here and now The use of questions and comments by child and parent that are related to information or objects that are visible during the task. This can be labeling, noticing, or describing. What is this? An apple. What do we have here? An orange and a lemon. How many fruits are there? This lemon is yellow. Content-related language not here and now (decontextualized) The use of questions and comments by child and parent that are related to information or objects that are not present during the task. This can be defining, expressing opinions, or predicting. What does it look like? What you are hiding? What’s your favorite food? What fruits do you think I bought this morning? Interactive language The use of language by child and parent to encourage or give feedback. Can you guess what this is? Very good! Other language The use of language by child and parent about the process of the task, not related to the task or coders could not categorize this language. What shall we do first? It’s my turn! I think we should hide the fruits first. I’m hungry!