Cindy Boer

The Gut Microbiome of Childen and Adults | 213 5.1 ▲ Figure 1: E ffect of ambient temperature on individual OTUs. Regression analysis of individual OTUs with time in mail (TIM) for samples in GenR ( A ) and RS ( B ). At each TIM. the initial OTU table was sub- sampled to contain only samples up to that TIM. Red bars indicate bacteria that decreased in abun- dance and green bars bacteria that increased upon increasing TIM. Q-values are indicated; only signifi- cantly abundant OTUs are presented. Description and validation of final 16S rRNA datasets of the GenR and RS co- horts After quality control and sample exclusion, the final 16S datasets comprised 2,111 in- dividuals in GenR and 1,427 subjects in RS. The average age of GenR children was 10 (range=9 to 12) years and included participants from 13 self-reported ethnicities with Dutch being the most frequent one (62%; Table 2 and Supplementary Figure 5 ). The average age of RS participants in the final 16S dataset was 57 years (range=46 to 88) and 82% were Dutch based on self-reported ethnicity ( Table 2 and Supplementary Figure 5 ). A total number of 661 OTUs were identified in the GenR cohort and 777 OTUs in the RS cohort ( Figure 2 ). Of these, 656 OTUs overlapped between the two cohorts, leav- ing 5 OTUs specific for GenR and 42 OTUs specific for RS. For both datasets, variations in overall microbiome profiles were driven by the relative abundances of the four ma- jor phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria ( Supplementary Figure 6 ). We observed higher Shannon α-diversities in RS (mean 4.02; SD=0.50) than