Hester Paanakker

In the second stage, common denominators were sought by renaming, modifying and integrating sub labels into larger overarching coding categories (Friese, 2012, pp. 130-131). In this step of the analysis, the concrete aspects of craftsmanship, as mentioned by respondents, were inductively aggregated and classified into the overarching value category they described – for instance, “treating detainees with empathy” was categorized under the value “humanity” and “cut backs” under the value “efficiency”. Table 4.1 provides a complete overview of the main value codes and the sub categories of corresponding skills, knowledge and practices they cover, and shows how the value categories were built. Respondents mentioned these more abstract value labels frequently themselves as well, with the exception of “task effectiveness”, a value that the analysis below designates as an important complementary street-level value. Finally, ‘[g]oing back and forth between data and codes’ (Weiss, 1994, p. 156), this validated version was applied to the data set at large (to both interviews and policy documents) and allowed the subtleties of craftsmanship conceptions and the values they represent to be grasped, and a comparison between different staff levels made. 4.7 Findings In line with the two-fold research question, actual values (respondents’ own value perceptions of what constitutes the penal craft) are reported first, followed by the mutual perceptions of each other’s views on the penal craft. This section presents a weighted analysis of how respondents judge the importance and centrality of specific values to frontline craft, and shows how the divergence is not in the actual value perceptions, but in the mutual perceptions, and is specifically strong with respect to what other levels are stereotypically seen to focus and steer on (i.e. more in value prioritization and enactment than in value identification and understanding). 4.7.1 Intergroup Differences on Values of Craftsmanship The picture of the skills, knowledge and practices needed at street level painted by the different groups of prison sector staff, is quite uniform and represent four key values: their work ought to revolve around safeguarding and expressing (1) humanity and (2) task effectiveness , then (3) security , and, to a significantly lesser extent, (4) reintegration . As table 4.2 shows, the value 105 Comparing Perceptions of the Frontline Craft