Hester Paanakker

TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 15 1.1 Introducing the topic: values, craft, and convergence 15 1.2 Research aims and questions 19 1.3 The case study of the Dutch prison sector 21 1.4 Methods 23 1.5 Outline of the thesis 24 1.6 Academic relevance of the thesis 30 1.7 Practical relevance of the thesis 31 PART 1: VALUE CONVERGENCE AND VALUE FACILITATION ACCORDING TO PRISON OFFICERS 33 CHAPTER 2 PROFESSIONALISM AND PUBLIC CRAFTSMANSHIP AT STREET LEVEL 35 2.1 Quality of governance at street level: introducing public craftsmanship 35 2.2 A bottom-up approach to sense-making by public professionals 37 2.3 From value sets of a general public nature to the specific work context 39 2.4 Studying public craftsmanship value convergence 42 2.5 Values and craftsmanship in the prison context 44 2.6 Research methods and analysis 45 2.7 Findings 48 2.7.1 Craftsmanship among prison officers: prioritizations alike, varied interpretations 48 2.7.2 Variance of prison officers’ value orientations 49 2.7.3 Patterns of value prioritization among prison officers 56 2.7.4 Convergence in variance: how prison officers interpret craftsmanship 57 2.8 Discussion and conclusion 59 CHAPTER 3 VALUES OF PUBLIC CRAFTSMANSHIP: THE MISMATCH BETWEEN STREET-LEVEL IDEALS AND INSTITUTIONAL FACILITATION IN THE PRISON SECTOR 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Ideals of public craftsmanship: values and skills 68 3.3 Shifting the focus to a different type of expertise 70 3.4 Shifting the focus to street level and hands on work 70 3.5 A common understanding of penal craftsmanship values or not? 71 3.6 Examining institutional facilitation in the organization 73 3.7 Research methods and analysis 74 3.7.1 Research methods, object and respondent characteristics 74 3.7.2 Interview questions 76 11