Hester Paanakker

in what cell. That is tough, especially when they do not cooperate. (Prison officer 2, facility 1). Likewise, job stress resulting from the threat of efficiency measures may hamper security. If emotions run high among personnel (from fear of losing their job, of being transferred, or of losing valued colleagues) it becomes more difficult to control such emotions, and might affect their behavior towards inmates, for instance by being less patient, less responsive, or less alert. As a result, officer-detainee interaction might become more prone to escalation. 6.4.4 Experience of Moral Dilemmas Under these circumstances of widespread implementation problems, it is notable that only less than one-third of the respondents (16 out of 55: 29%) actually recognize, or experience, moral dilemmas on the penal shop floor. After all, the implementation problems threaten some of the most important core values, and moral dilemmas arise when two or more values cannot be realized at the same time. The respondents that do discuss moral dilemmas (about one third of the prison officers (9), half of the middle managers (5), and a few managing directors (2)) regard this as a direct effect of the value gap between the focus on numbers, targets, cutbacks and reorganization they need to comply with, and the focus on intrinsic values of good work they would rather pursue. No clear relationships were found in the extent to which respondents perceive a somewhat narrower divergence (in prioritization and enactment only), or more comprehensive divergence (also in identification). The most frequently mentioned clash is between effectiveness and efficiency on the one hand, and humanity and task effectiveness on the other. The enforced numeric focus (and the practical problems it brings along) jeopardizes sufficiently meeting standards of humanity in detainee care: Yes well, you know, people would perhaps like to spend some more time with, give more individual attention to a certain detainee who has made a request for care and help, but the reality prevents you from doing so [….]. You do not have time to do your work properly, and in principal I want to do my work well, but if I wanted to do it really well, well I would be completely knackered at the end of the day. (Prison officer 12, facility 2) 150 Chapter 6