Hester Paanakker

humanity, security, reintegration and, to a lesser extent, task effectiveness, and prioritize them in a similar way. Contrary to much prison literature, reintegration is a distinct category alongside direct interaction-oriented humanity orientations, and task effectiveness was identified as another category. Rather than security, humanity triumphs as most important determinant of craftsmanship. This may be considered characteristic of the Dutch penal climate, which, in comparison with some other countries, puts a notably strong emphasis on humane treatment in relation to repressiveness, punitiveness and retaliation. Security and reintegration were cast as the second most important things in good job performance, followed by task effectiveness as a much smaller category. Interestingly, few of the standard public values we usually find in PVP studies surfaced among prison officers in the Netherlands. Values such as integrity, professionalism, lawfulness or responsiveness, which are associated with the behavior of public sector employees and their relationship to citizens, for instance by Beck Jørgensen and Bozeman (Beck Jørgensen & Bozeman, 2007, p. 361), were simply not mentioned as such by our respondents when reflecting on public craftsmanship in prisons. Arguably, some of these values, such as honesty and transparency, were brought into other value orientations, for example, an honest treatment style towards detainees, but only in a way that was applied to the distinct context of prison work. At the very least, it indicates that the prison service has a vocabulary of its own that is less compatible with the terminology of general public values research. What is more, it accurately reflects the logic and language of the penal profession and how this relates to characterizations of doing the job well. As such, in reflecting on the general context of the professions, the values of public craftsmanship would seem to offer a more conclusive picture of which values matter most in the specific profession under study. Second, prison officers demonstrated a convergent perception of value interdependency. The symbiotic relationship between the values of humanity and security was confirmed, but their inherently conflicting nature was not. Rather, respondents report a positive interdependence in which the safeguarding of humanity directly and inevitably leads to more security, and to a better consolidation of reintegration efforts. In addition, high levels of task effectiveness directly enable prison officers to properly pay tribute to those three core values. Finally, the clear majority of respondents mentioned at least three types of values in combination. Hence, none of the four main values of penal craftsmanship is a stand-alone value: evident interlinkages exist between them and they are to a large extent mutually influential and reinforcing. 60 Chapter 2