Hester Paanakker

professionalism focuses more on the tangible formalized skills - especially on the externally manufactured and monitored ones - than on the subjective and normative underpinnings of those skills. In contrast, public values research may attract criticism for being too abstract when considered from a craftsmanship framework. In attempting to get to grips with what qualifies governance as “good,” public values debates center on which general public values matter and which general public values officials adhere to, which value bases determine officials’ public sector motivation, and how officials deal with dilemmas induced by conflicting values (cf. (L. B. Andersen et al., 2012; De Graaf & Meijer, 2018; Kjeldsen, 2014). Few studies link this focus on the “good” to street level practitioners in terms of what the skills and practices of good work actually look like in administrative practice. Our study is thus a first step in mapping the values that underpin conceptions of public craftsmanship, and the way they relate to concrete professional practices, skills, and institutional constraints in the organization. In this narrower context of public craftsmanship, we define values as the key qualities that public professionals esteem in the context of, and towards, the object of their work, for example education or, in this study, detention. Such qualities may pertain to skills, or to the qualities of individuals in the realization of public craftsmanship, for instance, treating detainees with respect, or to practices, qualities of the governance process by means of which public craftsmanship can prosper, for instance, providing a safe work environment for employees in penal facilities. Public craftsmanship, then, is understood to encompass both the skills and practices as well as the values that represent an internalized motivation and competence for quality-driven work: the desire, skill and commitment “to do a job well for its own sake” (Sennett, 2008, p. 9). There are two reasons that combining skills and practices on the one hand, and values on the other, into one perspective of craftsmanship may enrich our understanding of the complexities, the importance, and the uniqueness of the public function at the frontline. Craftsmanship values are different from professional values, and also have a different focus from public values. First, they shift the focus to a different type of expertise, and second, they shift the focus to street- level administration and hands-on work. 69 Mismatch Between Ideals and Institutional Facilitation