Hester Paanakker

work-related dilemmas and risks, for example, dealing with contraband, the appropriate use of force, prohibited forms of contact with detainees and their families, and their reporting obligations (Dutch Correctional Agency, 2016). The detailed job descriptions that the Dutch Correctional Agency issues show how prison officers thus develop a very specific and much broader professional expertise (see box 3.1). Box 3.1. Professional tasks required of a prison officer (Dutch Correctional Agency 2009a) The work of prison officers involves: 1) intake and information, for instance contributing to advice on detainee placement plans; 2) guarding and security, for instance ensuring compliance to safety regulations; 3) support, for instance promoting a good living and working climate, as well as self- awareness and responsibility among detainees; 4) care, such as providing basic social and psychological care and referring detainees to appropriate medical or psychiatric specialists; and 5) reporting and information transfer, for instance drafting behavioral reports; or, in the case of a senior position, promoting expertise, and supervision. 3.7.2 Interview questions In the absence of an objective measure for determining “the amount” of craftsmanship, interviewees were asked for their subjective perceptions of good craftsmanship. As the word “values” proved too vague a concept for respondents, and to avoid any bias towards certain types of values, respondents were purposefully asked concrete questions such as “what does a good prison official look like?” to bring to the surface ideal qualities of public craftsmanship, or “what does the current penal vision constitute in practice?” to disclose perceptions of (room for) public craftsmanship in the institutional environment of the organization. Several control questions were asked in order to eliminate socially desirable answers, for example, descriptions of the job of prison officer, and questions about perceptions of ideal penal policy, about treatment styles towards detainees, and about when they felt they were doing their job well and what they disliked about their job in practice. Respondents were entirely free to elaborate and to raise topics themselves in response to, and in addition to, the questions. Interviews lasted approximately 1 hour and were recorded and transcribed verbatim (234.869 words). 76 Chapter 3