Hester Paanakker

having essential importance, the classic prison dichotomy of humanity versus security was less evident. This is due to positive interdependency and the spill-over effects of values, and was represented only in minor disputes that prison workers settled amongst themselves. Conflicting values were found to include more complex contradictions such as efficiency undermining security, or compliance with performance measurement regimes demoralizing reintegration and humanity efforts, suggesting that the greatest conflict is not between different co-existing values, but between ideal conceptions of craftsmanship and the perceived institutional reality on the floor. Proposition 3: In the context of craftsmanship, the gravest conflicts are not between different co-existing craftsmanship values, but between personal, intrinsic, moral values of good work and institutionally enforced instrumental values. Respondents perceive an institutional reality of unwavering neo-liberalist management and performance measurement as undermining their craftsmanship severely and directly. This seems to confirm Sennett’s notion that the work of craftsmen “can never be completely perfected and is often impaired by social and economic conditions: ‘schools may fail to provide the tools to do good work, and workplaces may not truly value the aspiration for quality’ ” (2008, p. 9). And even at a time when new public management is said to be in decline (Dunleavy, Margetts, Bastow, & Tinkler, 2005; Pollitt, 2015), it supports the fear that managerialism in professional contexts, be it in prisons or in other public domains, creates many barriers to good craftsmanship. Professional realities cannot be reduced to standardized protocols, and the classic narrative of New Public Management might demand an alternative (De Vries & Nemec, 2013; Overeem & Tholen, 2011). To respondents, such neo-liberal performance rhetoric, in which “professionals have become part of large-scale organizational systems, with cost control; targets; indicators; quality models; and market mechanisms, prices, and competition” (Noordegraaf, 2007, p. 763), in practice leaves little room for streel-level ideals. Public craftsmanship might provide a new narrative that does better justice to the need to establish a dialogue between the systemic environment of numerical control and the lifeworld of intrinsic values. From this analysis we derive three further propositions: 87 Mismatch Between Ideals and Institutional Facilitation