Carolien Zeetsen

32 concentration and working memory (digit span, sustained attention and serial subtraction: 0–6 points), language (animal naming and sentence repetition: 0–5 points), abstract reasoning (0–2 points), memory (0–5 points) and orientation (0–6 points). Finally, the MoCA–MIS was calculated, in which freely recalled words receive three points, words recalled after a category cue receive two points (cued recall) and correct identification after a multiple–choice cue (recognition) receives one point, with a maximum of 15 points (Julayanont et al., 2014). The first author thoroughly checked all scores and corrected scoring errors when needed. This check revealed ambiguities in the scoring, mainly for the item figure copy, for which the scoring instructions were not fully specified. Therefore, all figures were scored in a consistent manner according to strict criteria by the first author. This procedure also eliminated inter– rater differences that were found to influence results (Cumming et al., 2020). National Adult Reading Test The Dutch version of the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Nelson, 1982), an important tool for estimating premorbid levels of intelligence (Bright et al., 2018), was administered. The test consists of 50 words with an uncommon pronunciation. The participant is instructed to read these words aloud in the correct pronunciation. Each answer is awarded 0–2 points, where 0 = false, 1 = questionable, 2 = correct pronunciation, with a maximum of 100 points. Norm scores based on age and sex are added to the total score to determine the estimated premorbid intelligence (NART–IQ; Schmand et al., 1992). Procedure MoCA and NART administration and scoring were performed by four assessors with a background in psychology who received extensive training by the first author. With respect to ethical clearance, the study design was approved by the ethics review committee of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Radboud University and the Institutional Review Board of Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry. After written informed consent was obtained, an appointment was made for the administration of the tasks. Relevant demographic data were recorded via a self–report questionnaire. Level of education was classified on a seven–point scale ranging from 1 = less than primary school to 7 = a university master’s degree or higher (Duits & Kessels, 2014), based on the Dutch educational system. This is a classification system that is comparable to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED; United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2012). Next, the NART was administered followed by one of the MoCA versions. A second appointment was then made in which another version of the MoCA was administered. Assessments took place in a quiet room at the office or at the participant’s home for logistic reasons, that is, to reduce recruitment bias, make flexible appointments possible, and to reduce travel time for participants.