Adriëtte Oostvogels

5 129 Family history of diabetes and childhood outcomes BMI (kg/m 2 ) WHtR Fat percentage(%) Fasting glucose (mmol/L) C-peptide (nmol/L) N Mean (SE) N Mean (SE) N Mean (SE) N Mean (SE) N Mean (SE) No FHD 2213 15.5 (0.04) 2210 0.453 (0.001) 2181 19.8 (0.19) 1379 4.51 (0.01) 1039 0.34 (0.003) Maternal FHD only 350 15.5 (0.11) 350 0.452 (0.002) 347 20.7 (0.44) 234 4.54 (0.03) 182 0.35 (0.008) Paternal FHD only 281 15.4 (0.13) 281 0.453 (0.002) 273 20.2 (0.53) 184 4.51 (0.04) 130 0.35 (0.009) Maternal+ paternal FHD 164 15.6 (0.17) 164 0.454 (0.003) 163 20.9 (0.69) 91 4.55 (0.05) 75 0.40 (0.012) Table 2. Mean values of outcome variables a stratified for the different groups of second- degree family history of diabetes (FHD) within the ABCD-study a) adjusted for sex of the child and age at the measurements Second-degree family history of diabetes Compared to children with no second-degree FHD, children with maternal second- degree FHD and children with both maternal and paternal second-degree FHD had a higher fat%; 1.03% (95%CI: 0.34;1.72) and 1.78% (95%CI: 0.82;2.75) respectively (Table 3). Children with both maternal and paternal FHD also had increased C-peptide (0.03 nmol/L, 95%CI: 0.01;0.05) compared to the group with no FHD. Adjustments for covariates, in particular ethnicity, rendered the results on fat% non-significant, but C-peptide (0.02 nmol/L, 95%CI: 0.01;0.04) remained higher. We found no differences in body composition or glucose metabolism between children with either maternal or paternal FHD. However, when comparing children with either maternal or paternal FHD to children with both maternal and paternal FHD, we found that children with both maternal and paternal FHD had a 0.33 kg/m2 (95%CI: 0.05;0.61) higher BMI and 1.67% (95%CI: 0.49;2.84) higher fat% compared to children with paternal FHD, but not to children with maternal FHD. Adjustment for covariates, in particular ethnicity, attenuated these results. Moreover, compared to children with either maternal or paternal FHD, children with both maternal and paternal FHD had increased C-peptide (maternal: 0.03 nmol/L (95%CI: 0.01;0.05) and paternal: 0.03 nmol/L, 95%CI: 0.01;0.05) and adjusting for covariates did not alter these results. No boy-girl differences were found in the associations between second-degree FHD and metabolic outcomes at age 5-6 years.