Martijn van Teffelen

Chapter 3 56 Self-Report Measurements Psychopathic Traits Self-reported psychopathic traits were assessed with the Dutch version of the 154-item Psychopathy Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R) (Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005). Items are scored on a four-point Likert scale ranging from one (not true) to four (true). Internal consistency of the scale is good -in our sample, α = .84- (Kimonis et al., 2013; Sörman et al., 2016). Convergent, discriminant, concurrent and construct validity have been demonstrated (Edens & McDermott, 2010; Hughes et al., 2013; Sörman et al., 2016; Uzieblo et al., 2010). Narcissistic traits Self-reported narcissistic traits were measured with the Dutch version of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Hall, 1979), an index of grandiose narcissism. We used a 37-item multiple choice version (Emmons, 1987). Items were scored on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from one (I do not at all agree) to seven (I entirely agree). Although high internal consistency levels are generally found, -in our sample, α = .87-, evidence of its’ construct validity is mixed (Ackerman et al., 2010; Miller et al., 2016). Nonetheless, strong criterion validity has been demonstrated (Miller et al., 2014). Negative Affect Self-reported negative affect was measured using the Dutch version of the negative affect (NA) scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson et al., 1988). The 10-item (i.e., scared, afraid, upset, distressed, jittery, nervous, ashamed, guilty, irritable, hostile) NA-scale of the PANAS is scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from one (not at all) to five (very much). Good internal consistency -in our sample, α = .83- (Leue & Lange, 2011; Ostir et al., 2005; Watson et al., 1988) and construct, convergent and discriminant validity (Crawford & Henry, 2004; Watson et al., 1988) have been demonstrated. Threat Perception Self-reported threat perception was assessed using the Dutch version of the Perceived Ego- Threat Questionnaire (PETQ) (Bushman & Baumeister, 1998). This questionnaire assesses whether the participants found the negative intelligence or negative social belonging feedback they received from the confederate during the provocation procedures malicious, threatening, and unfair. Questions were assessed on a 100-millimeter visual analogue scale (VAS), anchored by word descriptors at each end. The three items ranged from malicious to harmless, threatening to safe and unfair to fair. All items were reverse-scored and summed to indicate the level of threat perception. The total scale was found to be internally consistent - α = .78- in the present sample.