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257 Pre-, pro- and synbiotics 12 TABLE 3. (continued) Author, year n (age) Diagnosis Intervention Comparison Duration Outcome Effect Adverse events Tabbers, 2011 148 (3-16 yrs) Rome III criteria, but all should fulfil the criterion of having a defecation frequency of <3 times. Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 f + toilet training control product g + toilet training 5 weeks (3 weeks treatment) 1. defecation frequency/week (mean) 2. defecation frequency improvement (mean±SD) 3. % fecal incontinence 4. %painful defecation 5. abdominal pain 6. % treatment success(≥3 bowel movements per week and <1 fecal incontinence episode in 2 weeks over the last 2 weeks of product consumption) I:4.5 vs C:3.9 I:2.9±3.2 vs C:2.6±2.6 I:37% vs C:49% I:49% vs C:41% I:58% vs C:54% I:38% vs C:24% -2 adverse events (unrelated) -no serious adverse effects Guerra, 2011 59 (5-15 yrs) Rome III criteria Bifidobacterium longum control product 10 weeks (crossover after 5 weeks) 1. defecation frequency 2. painful defecation 3. abdominal pain results are presented in a graph, actual numbers not reported -no data on adverse effects Sadeghzadeh, 2014 48 (4-12 yrs) Rome III criteria Protexin j + lactulose k placebo + lactulose k 4 weeks 1. defecation frequency (mean±SD) 2. % fecal incontinence 3. % abdominal pain I: 2.1±0.7 vs C:1.5±1.0 I:31% vs C:78% I:44% vs C:86% -no (serious) adverse effects a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (ATCC 53103), 10 9 colony-forming units, twice daily. b 70% lactulose, 1mL/kg/day. c Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938), 10 8 colony-forming units in 5 drops of a commercially available oil suspension, once per day. d Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus :8 x 10 8 colony-forming units/day, twice daily e Magnesium oxide: 50mg/kg/day, twice daily f Probiotic product: 125-g pot (containing <5 g of lactose) manufactured with lactic cultures including Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 (strain number I-2494, at least 4,25 × 10 9 colony-forming units per pot), yogurt starter cultures ( Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus CNCM strain numbers I-1632 and I-1519, and Streptococcus thermophilus CNCM strain number I-1630, at least 1.2 × 10 9 colony-forming units per pot) and Lactococcus cremoris (CNCM strain number I-1631). Patients took 2 pots a day. g Control product: a milk-based, nonfermented dairy product (125-g pot) without probiotics and with a low content of lactose (<2.5 g per pot). Patients took 2 pots a day. h Probiotics: 1mL of goat yogurt supplemented with Bifidobacterium longum 10 9 colony forming units/mL. i Control product: 1mL of goat yogurt only. j Eachsachetcontained Lactobacilluscasei PXN37, Lactobacillusrhamnosus PXN54, Streptococcusthermophiles PXN66, Bifidobacteriumbreve PXN25, Lactobacillusacidophilus PXN35, Bifidobacterium infantis PXN 27, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus PXN 39, total viable count: 1 × 10 9 colony-forming units. k 1mL/kg/day. Abbreviations: FC, functional constipation; ns, not significant; vs, versus