14781-koppen

259 Pre-, pro- and synbiotics 12 TABLE 5. Risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias: + (red) = low risk of bias; - (green) = high risk of bias; ? (yellow) = unclear risk of bias. Author, year sequence generation allocation concealment blinding of participants/personnel blinding of outcome assessment incomplete outcome data selective outcome reporting other sources of bias Comments Loening- Baucke, 2004 + + ? + - + - unclear blinding of outcome assessor, unclear diagnosis FC, 33% loss to follow-up, use of laxatives Castillejo, 2006 + + + + + + + Kokke, 2008 + + + ? - + - 28% loss to follow-up, use of laxatives Üstündağ, 2010 + + - - + - - not blinded, treatment success defined but not reported, difference in fluid intake between both groups Chmielewska, 2011 + + + + + + + Weber, 2014 + + ? ? + + - study in asymptomatic patients in weaning phase of treatment Banaszkiewicz, 2005 + + + + + + - use of laxatives Coccorullo, 2010 + ? ? ? + - + treatment success defined but not reported, results presented in a graph (actual numbers not reported) Bu, 2007 + + + + + - + treatment success defined but not reported (only in abstract) Tabbers, 2011 + + + + + + + Guerra, 2011 + + + ? + - - results are presented graphically (actual numbers not reported), unclear how diagnosis of FC was made in this population of school children and exclusion of children with fecal incontinence. Sadeghzadeh, 2014 + + + + + + - outcome measures reported different than described in methods, unequal assessment of outcome measures for different children, use of laxatives Khodadad, 2010 ? + + ? + - - comparison of 3 groups but no post hoc analyses, use of laxatives