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323 16 Outcomes of surgical management Treatment success Of 37 parents, 33 completed the questionnaire (Table 4). Seventeen of these 33 children (52%) had a colostomy or ileostomy at time of survey. Intestinal continuity was successfully reestablished in the remaining 16/33 patients (48%) after closure of the ostomy. In total, 28 of 33 patients (85%) fulfilled our criteria for success. In children with an ostomy in situ, 14/17 (82%) children fulfilled the criteria for success. The remaining three children had a variable stoma output, despite laxatives. Twelve of 17 patients (71%) required additional medical treatment. Fourteen of 16 (88%) children in whom closure of their stoma was performed fulfilled our success criteria. Additional medical treatment (e.g., laxatives, rectal irrigation) was required in the majority of these patients (12/14 patients, 86%). One of the children still fulfilling the Rome III criteria for FC used laxatives, whereas the other child used daily rectal irrigation. TABLE 4. Results from parental questionnaire—outcomes after surgery n (%) Ileostomy / colostomy Anastomosis No. of patients 33 17 16 Length of follow-up (mo), median (range) 22 (1-42) 20.5 (4-37) 22 (1-42) Medication use None Laxatives a High-dose laxative solutions b Rectal irrigation CHAIT Laxatives a + rectal irrigation Laxatives a + high-dose laxative solutions b Rectal irrigation + high-dose laxative solutions b 8 (24) 12 (36) 4 (12) 2 (9) 1 (3) 1 (3) 4 (12) 1 (3) 5 (29) 7 (41) 1 (6) 1 (6) 0 0 3 (18) 0 3 (19) 5 (31) 3 (19) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) Bowel movements/week < 2 times/week 3-8 times/week > 9 times/week Stoma 7 (21) 7 (21) 2 (6) 17 (52) Fecal incontinence Yes No Stoma 3 (9) 12 (36) 17 (52) School absence in last month, due to FC Yes No Too young Median duration in days/month (range) 19 (58) 12 (36) 2 (6) 4 (0-20) 12 (70) 4 (24) 1 (6) 5 (0-20) 7 (44) 8 (50) 1 (6) 4 (0-20) FC, functional constipation. a Laxatives included lactulose, polyethylene glycol, bisacodyl, and magnesium hydroxide (regular dosages used in the maintenance treatment of FC). 2 b High-dose laxative solutions included polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) with electrolytes or sodium picosulfate (solutions that are commonly used for peri-procedural bowel cleanouts).