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76 Chapter 3 and overweight in children include diet (e.g., a lack of fiber or a high-fat diet), a lack of physical activity, gut microbiota dysbiosis, psychological factors, and socioeconomic status. 1,2,8,9,13,16–21 Since these factors are associated with both FDDs and excessive bodyweight in children, they could account for the commonly reported co-occurrence between these disorders. To date, no comprehensive systematic review has been published to evaluate the potential association between FDDs and overweight/obesity in children. If an association exists, this could have important implications regarding early detection of FDDs in children with overweight and of overweight in children with FDDs in the clinical care setting. For both FDDs and overweight, early detection and intervention are of key importance since a delay in treatment increases the likelihood of poor long-term outcome. 22,23 Therefore, our aimwas to systematically review currently available literature regarding the association between FDDs and overweight/obesity in children. METHODS PubMed, Medline, and Embasewere searched from inception until January 2016. Publication language was restricted to English. Prospective and cross-sectional studies describing the association between FDDs and overweight/obesity in children (0–18 years) were included. Studies including a combination of children and adolescents (<21 years) were eligible for inclusion as long as the majority of subjects was <18 years of age. As a prerequisite for eligibility for inclusion, a clear definition for overweight/obesity and FDDs needed to be provided. For FC, this definition had to at least include defecation frequency (<3 times per week), FNRFI had to be described as fecal incontinence in the absence of FC and for overweight/obesity, the definition had to include the BMI. The primary outcomes of interest were the prevalence of FDDs and of overweight/obesity (in %). Exclusion criteria were organic causes of defecation disorders or of excessive body weight and insufficient data on the outcomes of interest. Search strategies included controlled vocabulary terms: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for PubMed and Medline and Emtree terms for Embase. Search terms included the following: constipation, fecal impaction, fecal incontinence, defecation, gastrointestinal motility; children, infants, adolescents, pediatrics; obesity, overweight, body size, BMI. The electronic search strategy, including the limits used, is provided in the Supplemental Information.