Bibian van der Voorn

159 GENDER-SPECIFIC HPA AXIS ACTIVITY IN CHILDHOOD APPENDIX 3 FOREST PLOTS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES PER SUBGROUP (RANDOM EFFECT ANALYSES) A. Saliva <8 yr cortisol+sex+child Review Manager 5.3 1 Cortisol male-female 1.5 Salivary cortisol <8 yrs of age StudyorSubgroup 0 yr (Davis 1995) 3 yr (Gunnar 2010) 3.3 yrs (De Bruijn 2009) 4 yr (Pérez-Edgar 2008) 4.1yr (Mills 2008) 4.3 yr (Tout 1998) 4yr (Gunnar 2010) 7.3yr (Törnhage 2002) Total(95%CI) Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.05; Chi² = 13.34, df = 7 (P = 0.06); I² = 48% Test for overall effect: Z = 1.90 (P = 0.06) Mean 30.1 4.03 2.82 11.9 3.03 5.79 2.92 10.5 SD 36.4 4.58 1.86 4.7 2.76 2.48 1.35 5.2 Total 18 37 19 51 115 38 11 19 308 Mean 29.5 3.89 2.45 10.8 2.76 4.41 4.47 5.2 SD 32.8 3.01 1.82 5 2.76 1.38 4.88 1.88 Total 18 54 27 60 85 37 13 11 305 Weight 9.2% 15.4% 10.6% 16.9% 20.6% 13.8% 6.7% 6.8% 100.0% IV,Random,95%CI 0.02 [-0.64, 0.67] 0.04 [-0.38, 0.46] 0.20 [-0.39, 0.79] 0.22 [-0.15, 0.60] 0.10 [-0.18, 0.38] 0.68 [0.21, 1.14] -0.40 [-1.22, 0.41] 1.19 [0.38, 2.00] 0.23 [-0.01, 0.48] Male Female Std. Mean Difference Risk of bias legend ( A ) Selection bias ( B ) Performance bias ( C ) Detection bias ( D ) Other bias ? + + + + ? + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + ? ? + + Risk of Bias A B C D Std. Mean Difference IV,Random,95%CI -2 -1 0 1 2 Female Male B. Saliva 8-18 y cortisol+sex+child Review Manager 5.3 1.3 Salivary cortisol 8-18 yrs of age StudyorSubgroup 8yr (Jones 2006) 8 yr (Azurmendi 2016) 8yr (Martikainen 2013) 8.4 yr (Michels 2012) 9 yr (Alghadir 2009) active 9yr (Alghadir 2009) sedentary 9.2 yr (Cicchetti 2001) 9.4 yr (Turan 2015) 9.9 yr (Osika 2007) 10yr (Törnhage 2002) 10.4±0.4yr (Cieslak 2003) 11.1±0.55yr (Dietrich 2013) 11.9±0.6yr (Chen 2014) 11.9 yr (Portnoy 2015) 12 yr (Tzortzi 2009) 12.7 ± 2.9yr (Allen 2009) 12.7 yr (Yu 2009) 13.4 yr (Mrug 2016) 14.0±0.5yr (Belva 2013) 14.9yr (Alghadir 2009) active 14.9 yr (Alghadir 2009) sedentary 14 -16yr (Fransson 2014) 15.3 ± 1.1yr (Covelli 2012) 15.5 yr (West 2010) 16 ±1yr (Georgopoulos 2011) 16.1 ±1.0yr (Daughters 2013) 16.6 ± 0,5yr (Reynolds 2013) 17.9 yr (Minckley 2012) 18 yr (Colomina 1997) Total(95%CI) Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.25; Chi² = 481.05, df = 28 (P < 0.00001); I² = 94% Test for overall effect: Z = 2.23 (P = 0.03) Mean 9.58 8 6.8 12.66 0.13 0.18 8.64 5.2 5.34 11 3 11.2 4.69 4.06 9.05 0.17 6.22 3.43 24.6 0.22 0.16 6.6 27 10.64 9.1 3.22 25.93 10.47 13.7 SD 1.51 4.14 1.7 6.12 0.026 0.014 5.16 3.2 2.1 4.08 0.5 4.7 5.52 3.72 3.63 0.18 0.92 2.83 10.6 0.015 0.018 2 11 1.02 8.3 2.13 14.1 6.29 7.7 Total 68 49 126 183 25 12 124 79 34 28 29 818 213 224 11 119 10 40 115 20 25 43 49 1418 35 59 573 14 37 4580 Mean 10.59 6.35 8 13.84 0.16 0.2 9.52 5.6 5.5 8.9 3 11.9 5.52 5.79 10.24 0.13 4.83 2.31 29.2 0.24 0.17 10.9 25 11.67 11.6 2.3 29.5 8.42 13.4 SD 1.49 3.59 1.7 8.96 0.017 0.028 5.21 10.8 3.33 13.03 0.3 4.73 5.24 22.18 4.86 0.09 2.04 2.5 13.2 0.034 0.014 2 11.2 1.02 8.3 1.38 19 2.84 7.6 Total 72 41 132 202 12 16 80 74 50 31 32 786 212 214 10 116 10 39 108 30 10 89 57 1406 29 73 362 14 36 4343 Weight 3.7% 3.5% 3.9% 4.0% 2.6% 2.5% 3.8% 3.8% 3.5% 3.3% 3.3% 4.1% 4.0% 4.0% 2.4% 3.9% 2.2% 3.5% 3.9% 3.1% 2.6% 3.4% 3.6% 4.1% 3.3% 3.7% 4.1% 2.6% 3.4% 100.0% IV,Random,95%CI -0.67 [-1.01, -0.33] 0.42 [-0.00, 0.84] -0.70 [-0.96, -0.45] -0.15 [-0.35, 0.05] -1.25 [-2.00, -0.50] -0.84 [-1.62, -0.05] -0.17 [-0.45, 0.11] -0.05 [-0.37, 0.27] -0.05 [-0.49, 0.38] 0.21 [-0.30, 0.72] 0.00 [-0.50, 0.50] -0.15 [-0.25, -0.05] -0.15 [-0.34, 0.04] -0.11 [-0.30, 0.08] -0.27 [-1.13, 0.59] 0.28 [0.02, 0.54] 0.84 [-0.08, 1.76] 0.42 [-0.03, 0.86] -0.38 [-0.65, -0.12] -0.70 [-1.29, -0.12] -0.57 [-1.32, 0.17] -2.14 [-2.59, -1.69] 0.18 [-0.20, 0.56] -1.01 [-1.09, -0.93] -0.30 [-0.79, 0.20] 0.52 [0.17, 0.87] -0.22 [-0.35, -0.09] 0.41 [-0.34, 1.16] 0.04 [-0.42, 0.50] -0.23 [-0.43, -0.03] Male Female Std. Mean Difference Risk of bias legend ( A ) Selection bias ( B ) Performance bias ( C ) Detection bias ( D ) Other bias ? + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + ? + + + + + ? ? + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + ? + + + ? + + ? + + Risk of Bias A B C D Std. Mean Difference IV,Random,95%CI -2 -1 0 1 2 Female Male