Bibian van der Voorn

175 GENDER-SPECIFIC HPA AXIS REACTIVITY IN CHILDHOOD TABLE 3. Summary of articles describing sex differences in protocolled social stress test similar or equal to the TSST-C Author (year) Sample size Age Sampling points Medium Results Bae (2015) 36 169 (81 controls) 10.8±1.8 yrs 8x (3 before, 5 after) Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not associated with reactivity Bouma (2009) 41 644 16.13±0.59 yrs 5x (2 before, 3 after) (Groningen Social Stress test) Saliva Cortisol responses were stronger in boys Bouma (2011) 46 553 16.07±0.90 yrs 4x (1 before, 3 after) (Groningen Social Stress Test) Saliva Boys had higher cortisol levels on sample 2 De Veld (2012) 56 158 10.61±0.52 yrs 7x (2 before, 5 after) Saliva Cortisol response stronger in girls Dockray (2009) 48 111 Boys: 9, 11 or 13 yrs; girls: 8, 10 or 12 yrs 5x, 2 before, 3 after Saliva No sex differences; age but not pubertal stage associated with reactivity in girls, no associations in boys. Evans (2013) 45 707 13.77±3.56 yrs After each period/task, at the middle of the documentary and at the end of it (in fig. 2: 6 samples, 2 before, 4 during/after) (Social stress tests based on TSST) Saliva In children (7-12): lower cortisol reactivity in boys experiencing less emotional warmth Adolescents (13-20): no sex differences Gunnar (2009) 58 82 4 ages groups: 9 (9.79±0.16), 11 (11.57±0.15), 13 (13.55±0.46) 15 (15.55±0.47) 10x, 3 before, 7 after Saliva No sex differences, except higher cortisol reactivity in girls at age 13 Hostinar (2014) 52 191 14.4±1.93 yrs 6x (2 before, 4 after) (TSST for groups) Saliva No sex differences; higher intercepts and greater anticipatory responses with increasing age, pubertal status not assessed Hostinar (2015) 57 81 (40 children, 41 adolescents) Children: 9.97±0.52 yrs, adolescents: 16.05±0.39 yrs 4x (1 before, 3 after) Saliva Stronger response in 9-10 year old girls, no sex differences among adolescents Ji (2016) 54 135 Boys: 9, 11 or 13 yrs; girls: 8, 10 or 12 yrs 5x (2 before, 3 after) Saliva At wave 3 (each waves separated by 6 months): girls stronger reaction to stressor, no sex differences in recovery Jones (2006) 14 140 7-9 yrs 7x (3 before, 4 after) Saliva Anticipatory rise in both, further increment in girls Kudielka (2004) 47 31 12.1±0.3 yrs 5x, 1 before, 4 after Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Lu (2014) 60 87 12.7±0.3 yrs 9x, not specified when Saliva More negative logAUCi in girls (less increase) Martikainen (2013) 29 252 8.1±0.3 yrs 7x (2 before, 5 after) Saliva Higher peak, AUCg and AUCi in girls Martin (2011) 53 40 16-18 yrs 7x (1 before, 6 after) Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Mrug (2016) 59 84 13.36±0.95 yrs 3x, 1 before, 2 after Saliva Higher post-test cortisol and AUCi in girls Peckins (2012) 50 124 10.49±1.68 yrs; boys: 9, 11 or 13 yrs; girls: 8, 10 or 12 yrs 5x, 2 before, 3 after Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not associated with reactivity Portnoy (2015) 51 446 11.92±0.59 yrs 4x, 1 before, 3 after Saliva No sex differences in AUCg; pubertal status not associated with reactivity Raikkonen (2010) 55 292 8.1±0.3 yrs 7x (2 before, 5 after) Saliva Boys lower than girls Strahler (2010) 49 62 6-10 yrs 4x, 1 before, 3 after Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Trickett (2014) 61 303 maltreated, 151 control Maltreated: 10.84±1.16 yrs; comparison: 11.11±1.15 yrs 6x (2 before, 4 after) Saliva Cortisol response blunted in girls compared to boys