Bibian van der Voorn

176 CHAPTER 11 TABLE 4. Summary of articles describing sex differences in pharmacological stress tests Author (year) Sample size Age Study protocol Sampling points Sampling medium Results Dahl (1992) 68 25 10.3±1.6 yrs CRH challenge: 1μg/kg iv in the late afternoon 9x, 3 before, 6 after Blood Greater peak in boys Dorn (1996) 62 20 control subjects 15.1±1.0 yrs CRH challenge: 1μg/kg iv in the evening 12x, 6 before, 6 after Blood No sex differences; groups matched for pubertal status, effect not analyzed Forest (1978) 63 20 infants, 35 prepubertal children Infants: 5-365 days, children: 1-12.6 yrs ACTH test: 500μg/m 2 im at 8:00 and 20:00 on 3 days) 2x, 1 before, 1 after Blood No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Lashansky (1991) 64 102 2 months – 17 yrs ACTH test: 0.25mg iv in the morning 2x, 1 before, 1 after Blood No sex differences; decrease in stimulated cortisol levels with puberty, more pronounced in boys Ross (1986) 65 21 6-15 yrs CRH challenge: 1μg/kg iv in the evening 7x, 2 before, 5 after Blood No sex differences; pubertal status not associated with reactivity Stroud (2011) 67 68 11.6±1.9 yrs CRH challenge: 1μg/kg iv in the late afternoon 9-10x, 3 before, 6-7 after Blood Sex by Tanner differences: girls increases and boys decreases in cortisol with pubertal maturation, girls decreases and boys stable in reactivity. Boys larger peak change. Tsvetkova (1977) 66 31 4-14 yrs ACTH test: 0.5mg im in the morning 2x, 1 before, 1 after Blood No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed TABLE 5. Summary of articles describing sex differences in miscellaneous stress tests Author (year) Sample size Age Study protocol Sampling points Results 0-1 year old Davis (1995) 69 36 30.99±8.09 hours Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale 5x, 1 before, 4 after test Saliva Higher reactivity in boys Eiden (2015) 70 217 9 months Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery 4x, 1 before, 3 after test Saliva Cortisol increase in boys, not in girls Grunau (2010) 71 32 4.2±1.0 months Cortisol response after vaccination 3x, 1 before, 2 after Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed 1-7 years old De Weerth (2013) 75 42 68.0±4.3 months CREST paradigm 6x (2 before, 4 after) Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Gunnar (2010) 72 151 3.81±0.23 years Daycare attendance 2x/day on 2 days Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Hatzinger (2007) 43 102 4.91±0.44 years MSSB 5x (2 before, 3 after) Saliva Higher reactivity in girls Kryski (2013) 76 409 40.72±3.51 months Matching task 6x (1 before, 5 after) Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Mills (2008) 78 214 4.14±0.24 years Easy and difficult matching tasks 6x, 1 before, 5 after Saliva Further decreases in boys after initial decrease for both sexes Plusquellec (2011) 73 376 18.85±0.74 months Two unfamiliar situations (clown and robot) 2x, 1 before, 1 after Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Spinrad (2009) 74 84 54.07±0.97 months Preschool Laboratory Assessment Battery 3x, 1 before, 2 after Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed Yong Ping (2014) 77 94 29.9±1.1 months Maternal separation 4x (2 before, 2 after) Saliva No sex differences; pubertal status not assessed