Bibian van der Voorn

19 PRETERM GLUCOCORTICOID PROGRAMMING TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF STUDIES THAT HAVE ASSESSED THE HPA AXIS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS BORN PRETERM Firstauthor[Ref.],year n Characteristicsofparticipants Ageatassessment Measurements Mainfindings Szathmari [58], 2001 70 LBW:BW900–2,500g andGA≤36wks Controls:BW>2,500g andGA≥38wks ~20yrs Bloodspecimenobtainedat 7.30hafterovernight fasting for determinationofcortisoland androgens Highercortisol inLBWgroup Highercortisol,DHEA,DHEASandandrostenedione inLBW group Walker [67], 2002 52 PretermAGA:BW<2,000gand>10thcentile; meanGA32wks Preterm IUGR:BW<2,000gand<10thcentile; meanGA35wks Controls:BW>2,000g; meanGA39wks 22–25yrs Plasmacortisolat9.00hafter overnight fasting, 24-hoururinarycortisolmetabolite excretion Nodifferencesbetweengroups Lowercortisolmetaboliteexcretion inpretermAGAwomen andsimilarplasmacortisol,ascompared to theother2groups Wust [71], 2005 102 Male twinswithGA33–43wksandBWof 1,400–4,200g 18.57±0.23yrs Salivarycortisol responseduring TSST Highercortisol responseduringTSSTwithdecreasingBWand with increasingGA Buske-Kirschbaum [69],2007 36 Preterm:GA26–36wks Controls:GA39–41wks 8–14yrs Salivarycortisol responseduring TSST,cortisolawakening response, diurnalsalivarycortisolpattern Highercortisolafterawakening inpretermgroup Nodifferences inotheroutcomesbetweengroups Grunau [66], 2007 225 ELGA:GA23–28wks VLGA:GA29–32wks Controls:GA37–42wks 3,6,8and18mo. correctedage Basalsalivarycortisol Highercortisolat8and18months inELGAgroup Kaseva [70], 2014 94 VLBW:BW<1,500gand GA24–36wks Controls:GA38–42wks 19–27yrs Salivarycortisol,andplasma ACTH,cortisol,glucoseand insulin duringTSST Lowercortisoland insulin responsesduringTSST inVLBW group DeGraaf [73], 2014 79 NICU-treated:GA30±3.1wks Controls:GA40±1.1wks 5yrs Diurnalsalivarycortisolpattern Highercortisolover24h inNICU-treatedgroup Brummelte [72],2015 129 Preterm:GA24–32wks Controls:GA38–41wks 7yrs Salivarycortisolduringcognitive tests,diurnalsalivarycortisol pattern Higherbedtimecortisol inpretermgroup Nodifference incortisolduringcognitive testsbetween groups Gohlke [68], 2015 54 ELBW Termcontrols 8–11yrs 24-hoururinarycorticosteroid metaboliteexcretion Highercorticosteroidmetaboliteexcretion inELBWgroup AGA = Appropriate for gestational age; BW = birth weight; ELGA = extremely low gestational age; GA = gestational age; LBW = low birth weight; TSST = Trier Social Stress Test; VLGA = very low gestational age; ACTH = adrenocorticotropin.