Bibian van der Voorn

24 CHAPTER 1 53 Sipola-Leppanen, M. et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults who were born preterm. Am J Epidemiol 181 , 861-873 (2015). 54 Thomas, E. L. et al. Aberrant adiposity and ectopic lipid deposition characterize the adult phenotype of the preterm infant. Pediatr Res 70 , 507-512 (2011). 55 Peralta-Carcelen, M. et al. Growth of adolescents who were born at extremely low birth weight without major disability. J Pediatr 136 , 633-640 (2000). 56 Powls, A., Botting, N., Cooke, R. W., Pilling, D. & Marlow, N. Growth impairment in very low birthweight children at 12 years: correlation with perinatal and outcome variables. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 75 , F152-157 (1996). 57 Wehkalampi, K. et al. Advanced pubertal growth spurt in subjects born preterm: the Helsinki study of very low birth weight adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 , 525-533 (2011). 58 Szathmari, M., Vasarhelyi, B. & Tulassay, T. Effect of low birth weight on adrenal steroids and carbohydrate metabolism in early adulthood. Horm Res 55 , 172-178 (2001). 59 Meuwese, C. L. et al. Growth-restricted preterm newborns are predisposed to functional adrenal hyperandrogenism in adult life. Eur J Endocrinol 163 , 681-689 (2010). 60 Kist-van Holthe, J. E. et al. Is nephrocalcinosis in preterm neonates harmful for long-term blood pressure and renal function? Pediatrics 119 , 468-475 (2007). 61 Hofman, P. L. et al. Premature birth and later insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 351 , 2179-2186 (2004). 62 Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., van Goudoever, J. B. & Oosterlaan, J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics 124 , 717-728 (2009). 63 de Kieviet, J. F., Zoetebier, L., van Elburg, R. M.,Vermeulen, R. J. & Oosterlaan, J. Brain development of very preterm and very low-birthweight children in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 54 , 313-323 (2012). 64 Buss, C. et al. Maternal cortisol over the course of pregnancy and subsequent child amygdala and hippocampus volumes and affective problems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 , E1312-1319 (2012). 65 Davis, E. P. et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 , 737-746 (2007). 66 Grunau, R. E. et al. Altered basal cortisol levels at 3, 6, 8 and 18 months in infants born at extremely low gestational age. J Pediatr 150 , 151-156 (2007). 67 Walker, B. R., Irving, R. J., Andrew, R. & Belton, N. R. Contrasting effects of intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery on adult cortisol secretion and metabolism in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57 , 351-355 (2002). 68 Gohlke, B. et al. Increased Steroid Excretion in Children with Extremely Low Birth Weight at a Median Age of 9.8 years. Horm Res Paediatr 84 , 331-337 (2015). 69 Buske-Kirschbaum, A. et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis function and the cellular immune response in former preterm children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 (2007). 70 Kaseva, N. et al. Blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and insulin response to psychosocial stress in young adults born preterm at very low birth weight. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80 , 101-106 (2014). 71 Wust, S., Entringer, S., Federenko, I. S., Schlotz, W. & Hellhammer, D. H. Birth weight is associated with salivary cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in adult life. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 , 591-598 (2005). 72 Brummelte, S. et al. Cortisol levels in former preterm children at school age are predicted by neonatal procedural pain-related stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51 , 151-163 (2015). 73 de Graaf, J. et al. Five-year follow-up of effects of neonatal intensive care and morphine infusion during mechanical ventilation on diurnal cortisol rhythm. J Pediatr 165 , 459- 463 e452 (2014). 74 Finken, M. J. et al. The 23K variant of the R23K polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene protects against postnatal growth failure and insulin resistance after preterm birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 , 4777-4782 (2007). 75 Roberts, D. & Dalziel, S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev , CD004454 (2006). 76 Dalziel, S. R. et al. Antenatal exposure to betamethasone: psychological functioning and health related quality of life 31 years after inclusion in randomised controlled trial. BMJ 331 , 665 (2005). 77 Dalziel, S. R. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betamethasone: 30-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365 , 1856-1862 (2005).