Carl Westin

Contents xi 6-8-2 Conflict solution agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6-8-3 Effects of experience on consistency and agreement . . . . 143 6-8-4 Sensitivity of consistency and agreement measures . . . . 144 6-8-5 Defining and measuring consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6-8-6 When to intervene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6-8-7 Controller strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6-8-8 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6-9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7 Discussion and recommendations 149 7-1 Retrospective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7-1-1 Empirical findings on strategic conformance . . . . . . . . 151 7-1-2 Other factors affecting acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7-1-3 Foundations for conformance: Consistency and agreement 155 7-2 Explaining the acceptance of conformal advisories . . . . . . . . . 157 7-3 Research challenges and limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7-3-1 The great deception: defining conformal advisories . . . . 161 7-3-2 Defining and displaying consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 7-3-3 The effect of advisory timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7-3-4 Dependent measures of trust and safety . . . . . . . . . . 163 7-3-5 Framing advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7-3-6 Horizontal traffic and simulator realism . . . . . . . . . . 165 7-4 Limitations and pitfalls of strategic conformance . . . . . . . . . 165 7-4-1 What is the point in repeating human solutions? . . . . . 165 7-4-2 Restricted to initial acceptance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7-4-3 Restricted to expert operators? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7-4-4 Is strategic conformance simply adaptive automation? . . 168 7-4-5 Conformance depends on the HMI used . . . . . . . . . . 168 7-4-6 The benefit of nonconformal automation . . . . . . . . . 169 7-4-7 Domains benefiting from conformal automation . . . . . . 170 7-4-8 Homogeneity versus heterogeneity in automation design . 170 7-4-9 Personalized automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7-4-10 Side effects and ethical concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7-4-11 Why not fully automate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8 Conclusions 175