Carl Westin

168 Discussion and recommendations cedures, pilots develop their own individual procedures and performance criteria. When introducing new flight deck automation, it is likely that experienced pilots, compared to novice pilots, will be more reluctant to use the automation if it is non- conformal. Novices with no or limited experience, however, lack well-developed problem-solving styles and may not be equally susceptible to conformance. 7-4-4 Is strategic conformance simply adaptive automation? Strategic conformance complements the notion of individual-sensitive automation as captured by adaptive automation research. Generally, adaptive automation refers to automation capable of “reading” and reacting to human physical and behavioral changes as a means to primarily ensure safety and maintain optimal system per- formance, but that also can benefit acceptance of automation. 279–281 This includes research on the mechanisms for triggering (when and how) and deactivating the au- tomation. Adaptive automation is thus predominantly limited to adapting the degree of automation authority (at times overruling the human operator), whereas automa- tion behavioral changes sensitive to individual differences in problem-solving styles are more interesting to address issues of not only acceptance, but also safety and performance. Strategic conformance can be considered for mechanisms used by adaptive au- tomation to assist human decision-making. Consider the automobile domain for example, in which attempts have been made to develop adaptive automation that can supervise and support drivers to increase safety. 243 An adaptive cruise control system could be designed to match a driver’s preferences in longitudinal control (e.g., distance keeping, acceleration/deceleration, and braking patterns). Strategic conformal automation could be attuned to different individual driving styles, such as fluid, moderate, comfortable, 242 or economical, medium, sporting. 282 The greatest benefit of strategic conformal automation may be in situations where optimal performance is less important. This could be automation that sup- ports our daily life, such as autonomous cruise control systems in cars. Within cer- tain safety boundaries, there is an acceptable performance envelope in which cruise control systems operate. Within this envelope, there is a possibility to tune the per- formance to the individual driver. Drivers who operate outside of the “envelope,” however, will likely complain. 7-4-5 Conformance depends on the HMI used Findings from the Automation transparency study showed that conformance may depend on HMI used when solving conflicts. For solving conflict in prequel sim- ulations, controllers interacted with the heading band SSD. Since conformal and