Carl Westin

12 Introduction automation are greater provided that it, together with the human, can improve both task accuracy and speed. This is especially true in time-critical envi- ronments such as ATC. Experiments therefore sought to provide advisories before controllers had solved the conflict themselves. The research conducted as part of this thesis is predominantly carried out within the ergonomics/human factors field, in particular addressing mental processes and decision-making in relation to human-machine interaction. As such, human physi- cal characteristics have not been considered. However, contributions of this thesis extend more broadly, notably to the theoretical fields of cognitive psychology and information systems research, and the applied fields of human-computer interaction (HCI) and artificial intelligence (AI). Moreover, although ATC automation is the main subject of research in this the- sis, the findings and their general implications apply to any domain in which human and machine work together. Findings may, however, be of particular interest to read- ers working with similar highly automated domains to that of ATC, such as large control room environments in railroad and maritime operations, emergency services, military command and control (e.g., unmanned vehicles and robots), nuclear power plants, oil rigs, and manufacturing plants. Additionally, the thesis should be of in- terest to researchers and industry working with automation and operators in smaller control-problem specific environments, such as aircraft flight decks, ship bridges, train cabs, and the driver’s compartment in autonomous cars. 1-7 Thesis outline Figure 1-3 illustrates the outline of this thesis. It is organized around five articles either published or submitted, Chapters 2 through 6, together with the thesis In- troduction (Chapter 1), Discussion (Chapter 7), and Conclusion (Chapter 8). The original articles have been retained, with the exception of Chapter 3 which has been revised and extended to better match the scope of the thesis. The original article titles have been changed for each chapter to create a more coherent thesis structure and flow. For the same purpose, brief chapter introductions have been written to clarify the relevance of each article to the thesis and identify how they link to each other and the previous chapter. Chapter 2: Strategic conformance. Chapter 2 consists of a comprehensive literature review, introducing strategic conformance as an overarching principle underlying the acceptance of advanced automated decision aids. It explores how the acceptance issue of decision aids can be explained by mismatches in decision- making strategies between human and automated system. These mismatches can be