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120 Conclusion Participatory monitoring and evaluation for projects, programmes and policies requires a well- planned data collection methodology. This chapter attempted to describe and explain a number of data collection methods that can be used, how they can be used and when they can be used. It also gave examples of their main advantages and disadvantages. The chapter has shown that data collection methods can be combined but this should be done in line with well identified research objectives. When combined, disadvantages of a particular method may be reduced by advantages of the other. Choices of data collection methods vary and can range from more participatory to less-participatory methods, group discussions, large sample size or individual interviews, document review or participant interview, as well as methods which require a skilled interviewer to those which can be conducted by anyone without any experience. The methods discussed in this chapter include: focus group discussions, direct observation, stakeholder analysis, document review, transects, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Ultimately, the choice of a research method should be determined by the research questions the interviewer is attempting to answer. In the process of collection of data, ethics should be adhered to and one needs to have an idea on how data will be analysed. References Amnaj, K. (2014). Sustainability of Rural Land Use Based on an Integrated Tourism Model in Mae Kampong Village, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Geographical review of Japan series, B86 ( 2): 157–173. Blackman, R. (2009). Project Cycle Management . Teddington: Tearfund. Bouris, S. (2006). A Common Approach to Working with Communities . International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95747/B.b.01.%20Working%20with%20communities- Tool%20box_IFRC.pdf Burgess, T. F. (2003). A General Introduction to the Design of Questionnaires for Survey Research. Leeds: University of Leeds. CDC (2008, July). Data Collection Methods for Program Evaluation: Focus Groups (Evaluation Briefs, No. 13). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/index.htm. CDC (2008, December). Data Collection Methods for Program Evaluation: Observation (Evaluation Briefs, No. 16). CDC (2009, November). Data Collection Methods for Evaluation: Document Review . Evaluation Briefs , No. 18.